^ 



JOHNSON'S 

HANDY MANUAL 



Plumbers and 
Pipe Fitters 






JOHN W. JOHNSON 

802 STEWART BUILDING 

CHICAGO 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Twc Copies K6c«v9«i 

JAN 26 1905 
r\ Oopyneiii entry 

/buss O/ XXC. Not 

COPY B. 




^jetliratinn 



TO THE PIPE FITTERS AND PIvUMBERS, 

WITH WHOM I HA VIC SPENT 
SO MANY PI^EASANT YKARS, 
I DEDICATE THIS MANUAI,. 



{ 



^ 








J n^- --> 



■H.£flTl:R. 



Fig. 1. 



Hoiv to Construct I^oxig Horizontal 

FloMT Mains ii\ Hot IVater 

Heating Plants. 

In constructing hot water heating plants for 
scattered buildings^ where all radiation is sup- 
plied from one boiler^ or a group of boilers 
coupled together, there must be some careful 
calculations made in the laying out of pipe 
work in order to secure a good circulation at all 
j)oints throughout the plant. And, for the pur- 
pose of showing how this can be done in a suc- 
cessful manner, we make use of plate Fig. 1, 
which is the working drawing of a large hot 
water heating plant now in operation and giv- 
ing the most satisfactory results. 

We merely show in plate Fig. 1, the cellar 
mains connected to the boiler, but branches are 
taken from top of flow lines to the various 
radiators and risers with returns carried back 
to side of same flow lines. 

Eeferring to the plan, it will be observed that 
the main flow from boiler connects with a Tee 



8 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

which separates the flow water to each side of 
the boiler as it is located. This Tee is the 
highest point in the cellar system of main pipes. 
We will now follow the flow line on the right, 
marked (A). The direction of the arrow will 
show the direction in which the water moves. 
The first Tee over the boiler being the highest 
point, we begin to pitch down from this point, 
and, as will be noticed, in a distance of 6 feet 
we have a fall of J inch to the first angle or 
elbow. We have now a run of 46 feet, and in 
this distance we pitch down 4 inches. We now 
come to a bend in the line w^hich is 5 feet long 
and we give this a ^ inch pitch. The next long 
stretch is 18 feet, which is given If inch pitch. 
At this point we place a Tee on the line with 
the outlet looking up, with the end of this Tee 
connecting by a 6 foot piece of main pipe to 
the side of the return, as shown. This offset is 
pitched i inch, which practically completes the 
first circuit. 

It will now be noticed as far as we have gone 
with this main flow line to the first Tee looking 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 9 

wp, we have dropped 6f inches^ and to continue 
further horizontally we rise from top of Tee 
just described; the same distance which we 
pitched down from boiler^ 6J inches^ then ex- 
tending the main flow line^ as will be noticed, 
a distance of 46 feet more, mth a pitch in this 
distance of 4^ inches, connecting with another 
Tee, we rise again the distance which we drop- 
ped in the last run, which is 4J inches, and, 

connecting the end of Tee to the side of return 
pipe, thus completing a second circuit in the 
main lines. 

The main flow line is pitched down again 
from the last 4J inch rise as indicated, making 
the last circuit on the extreme end of the sys- 
tem and gradually pitching back to the re- 
turn connection of boiler. (B) represents the 
main return pipe in the system, and, referring 
again to the pipe work on the left of boiler, 
the same general method is carried out, form- 
ing separate circuits according to the dis- 
tance and conditions of the building, yet 
with only one flow and one return pipe con- 



10 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

necting with the boiler. It is advisable to 
place air valves or air pipes at all high 
points on main flow lines, so that any air that 
may accumulate at such points, can be drawn 
or allowed to escape. 

This system of dividing the main flow line 
into various circuits gives a more uniform dis- 
tribution of the hot water to the radiation, and 
allows the coldest water in the system to move 
back more rapidly to the boiler, by not having 
to travel the entire distance of the flow line. 

In pipe systems as shown in Fig. 1, the pro- 
portioning of the size of the pipes at the various 
points for the work to be performed, is also an 
important matter, and long sweep fittings only 
should be used. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 11 

Table SKowing Size of Chimneys witK Approximate 
Horse Power Boiler. 



•satjouj 'Baay 
a jBratxojddv io 


SSi^^S5§?3^^^^^SS^13§^ 




^(^iMW^■l0VQ0•05C^■l0•05g^00C0^^O 


'■B8JV 9^1*3^53 


d tH C^ C?i CO TiJ 'O CO tr-' O CO CD o g? ^" ^ o o 


2 

o 
w 

§ 

8 


^ 






















981 
1181 
1400 
1637 
1893 
2167 


i 






















. cr CO lo o 1-j o t' 

. ^ rH O t-H CO C- (M 
• t' 05 r-l CO lO t^ O 


i 






















rH©qO5C0(MO0C»CD 
lOOStKM-rHriCOt- 
IOCOOOO(N'*CDQO 

T-l 1-1 T-t lH 1-1 


i 

o 




















05C0(MCD-r*<t--<*CDO 


















i-llC(MCOOOCDOO-«i1lOCD 
CqC0^St^00O?5^CD 
















(MOiOOOOOilO-^iriCCOTj^jT 
00i-llOTtl'^CDOSC005CD^M 
^(M(MCO^»OCDQ005'=-COJO 


S 










CO r-i CO QO lO O t-» 05 00 c<> • 
tH Tt< t- O ^ CO (M CO IC 05 • 






s 
s 






gS3||||gp|| 










r-i r-l 1— 1 rH C<I 












O QO '^ C3 (M lO »— 

(>» CO lO t- 05 1-1 -^ 

tHt-H 
















i 


COlO OSlO -irH • • 
(MCOxUCDOO ; ; 



















































A.i\ "Keisy skiicl Cox*i>ect M etKod of 

^scer>tstir\ing LengtH of Pipe 

Rectuix*ed ii:\ 45° Angles. 

In the pipe fitting of steam and hot water 
heating phmts^ 45 degree elbows are brought 
into nse extensively^ and it is not every 
mechanic who has mastered mathematics suf- 
ficiently to be able to figure square root in 
order to find the hypotenuse of an angle^ and 
on this account we give the following methods 
of getting the measurements of 45 degree ang- 
les, v^hich is approximately correct for pipe use. 

For each inch of offset add ^"/los of an inch 
and the result will be the distance from center 
to center of the 45 degree angle. 

For instance: Referring to illustration, Fig. 
S, we will suppose that a pipe is to be brought 
up from a lower floor near a wall, and it is to 
pass through the ceiling of a room at a distance 
of 20 inches farther away from the wall than 
that which it rises through the floor, as indi- 
cated in the illustration by the figures, 20 
inches, which is shown by the plumbob. Thig 
1% 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 




JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



shows that the distance in a straight line 
from center to center of the two points is 20 




-•>. / 



Fig. 3. 
inches. Now it is simply necessary to add to 
the 20 inches 20 times 53, and divide the re- 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 15 

suit by 1^8, to get the additional length ne- 
cessary for the 45 degree angle. Thus: — 
20X53=1060, 1060-f-128=8V3„ which added 
to the 20 inches, makes the distance of the 
angle, as shown, 28*73. inch. 

In any case it will be necessary to allow for 
the distance taken up by the fittings from 
center to center of same, as shown in Fig. 3. 

By this system it will make no difference 
how many inches the offset may be; simply 
add for each inch an additional fraction of 
^^/i28 of ^^ inch. Again, suppose the offset 
is to be 5 inches, we multiply 5 by 53, which 
gives us 265. We now divide the 265 by 128, 
which gives us ^^/^^ ; this result we now add 
to 5 inches, which is the distance of offset, 
and we have T^/^e inches from center to cen- 
ter of the 45 degree angle. Any distance 
may be obtained in the same manner. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Table of Diagonals for 45° Triangles Measur- 
ing from I Inch to 20 Feet 
on the Sides. 



Sid 


es. 


Diagonal. 


Sides. 1 


Diagonal. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 




1 


1%6 


1 


10 


2 71/8 




2 


213/10 


1 


11 


2 81/2 




3 


41/4 


2 




2 915/16 




4 


5% 


2 


1 


2 113/8 




5 


71/16 


2 


2 


3 % 




6 


SV2 


2 


3 


3 23/16 




7 


9% 


2 


4 


3 35/16 




8 


11%6 


2 


5 


3 5 




9 


1234 


2 


6 


3 6%6 




10 


1 21/8 


2 


7 


3 713/16 




11 


1 3%6 


2 


8 


3 914 




12 


1 5 


2 


9 


3 IO11/16 




1 


1 63/8 


2 


10 


4 1/16 




2 


1 713/16 


2 


11 


4 11/2 




3 


1 93/16 


3 




4 215/16 




4 


1 10% 


3 


1 


4 45/16 




5 


2 1/16 


3 


2 


4 53^ 




6 


2 iyi6 


3 


3 


4 73/16 




7 


2 27/8 


3 


4 


4 8%6 




8 


2 45/10 


3 


5 


4 10 




9 


2 511/iG 


3 


6 


4 113/8 



Extreme caution must be exercised in tak- 
ing off centers of fittings in these measure- 
ments. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 17 

Table of Diagonals for 45° Triangles Measur- 
ing from I Inch to 20 Feet 
on the Sides. 



Sides. 


Diagonal. 


Sides. 


Diagonal. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


3 


7 


5 i%6 


5 


4 


7 61/2 


8 


8 


5 214 


5 


5 


7 715/1 6 


3 


9 


35/8 


5 


6 


7 95/10 


8 


10 


5 51/16 


5 


7 


7 103^ 


3 


11 


5 6716 


5 


8 


8 3/lG 


4 




5 77/8 


5 


9 


8 1%G 


4 


1 


5 9yiG 


5 


10 


8 3 


4 


2 


5 1011/16 


5 


11 


8 4yio 


4 


3 


1/8 


6 




8 513/10 


4 


4 


6 Ww 


6 


1 


8 714 


4 


5 


6 215/16 


6 


2 


8 8% 


4 


6 


6 43/8 


6 


3 


8 IO1/16 


4 


7 


6 5% 


6 


4 


8 111/2 


4 


8 


6 73/16 


6 


5 


9 % 


4 


9 


6 8% 


6 


6 


9 25/io 


4 


10 


6 10 


6 


7 


9 334 


4 


11 


6 11%6 


6 


8 


9 51/8 


5 




1 % 


6 


9 


9 61/2 


5 


1 


7 214 


6 


10 


9 7i%6 


5 


2 


7 311/16 


6 


11 


9 93/8 


5 


3 


7 51/16 


7 




9 1013/10 



Extreme caution must be exercisea m tak- 
ing ofp centers of fittings in these measure- 
ments. 



18 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Table of Diagonals for 45° Triangles Measur- 

ing from i Inch to 20 Feet 

on the Sides. 



Sides. 


Diagonal. 


Sides. 


Diagonal. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


7 


1 


10 3/^6 


8 


10 


12 57/8 


7 


2 


10 1% 


8 


11 


12 75/16 


7 


3 


10 3 


9 




12 S% 


7 


4 


10 47/1 6 


9 


1 


12 101/8 


7 


5 


10 57/8 


9 


2 


12 119/16 


7 


6 


10 71/4 


9 


3 


13 1 


7 


7 


10 8iyi6 


9 


4 


13 23/8 


7 


8 


10 lOi/s 


9 


5 


13 313/16 


7 


9 


10 111/2 


9 


6 


13 514 


7 


10 


11 me 


9 


7 


13 6% 


7 


11 


11 23/8 


9 


8 


13 81/16 


8 




11 s% 


9 


9 


13 9^16 


8 


1 


11 53/16 


9 


10 


13 10% 


8 


2 


11 6% 


9 


11 


14 %6 


8 


3 


11 8 


10 




14 II1/16 


8 


4 


11 9yi6 


10 


1 


14 31/8 


8 


5 


11 1013/16 


]0 


2 


14 4%6 


8 


6 


12 14 


10 


3 


14 515/16 


8 


7 


12 I11/16 


10 


4 


14 73/8 


8 


8 


12 31/16 


10 


5 


14 83^ 


8 


9 


12 41/0 


10 


6 


14 103/16 



Extreme caution must be exercised in tak- 
ing off centers of fittings in these measure- 
ments. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 19 

Table of Diagonals for 45° Triangles Mcasur- 

ing from i Inch to 20 Feet 

on the Sides. 



Sides. 


Diagonal. 


Sides. 


Diagonal. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


10 


7 


14 11% 


12 


4 


17 55/16 


10 


8 


15 1 


12 


5 


17 6II/16 


10 


9 


15 27/16 


12 


6 


17 81/8 


10 


10 


15 3% 


12 


7 


17 99/16 


10 


11 


15 514 


12 


8 


17 10i%6 


11 




15 611/16 


12 


9 


18 % 


11 


1 


15 81/16 


12 


10 


18 II13/16 


11 


2 


15 91/2 


12 


11 


18 33/16 


11 


3 


15 1015/16 


13 




18 4% 


11 


4 


16 3/g 


13 


1 


18 6 


11 


5 


16 1% 


13 


2 


18 77/16 


11 


6 


16 33/16 


13 


3 


18 8% 


11 


7 


16 4%6 


13 


4 


18 101/4 


11 


8 


16 6 


13 


5 


18 II1/16 


11 


9 


16 73/8 


13 


6 


19 11/8 


]1 


10 


16 813/16 


13 


7 


19 21/2 


11 


11 


16 1014 


13 


8 


19 315/16 


12 




16 11% 


13 


9 


19 55/16 


12 


1 


17 I1/16 


13 


10 


19 6% 


12 


2 


17 27/16 


13 


11 


19 83/16 


12 


3 


17 3% 


14 




19 99/16 



Extreme caution must be exercised in tak- 
ing off centers of fittings in these measure- 
ments. 



20 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Table of Diagonals for 45° Triangles Measur- 
ing from I Inch to 20 Feet 
on the Sides. 



Sides. 


Diagonal. 


Sides. 


Diagonal. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


14 


1 


19 11 


15 


10 


22 411/16 


14 


2 


20 yi6 


15 


11 


22 61/8 


14 


3 


20 113/16 


16 




22 71/2 


14 


4 


20 314 


16 


1 


22 815/16 


14 


5 


20 411/16 


16 


2 


22 103/8 


14 


6 


20 61 le 


16 


3 


22 113^ 


14 


7 


20 71/2 


16 


4 


23 13/16 


14 


8 


20 8% 


16 


5 


23 2% 


14 


9 


20 105/16 


16 


6 


23 4 


14 


10 


20 11% 


16 


7 


23 57/16 


14 


11 


21 11/8 


16 


8 


23 613/16 


15 




21 2%6 


16 


9 


23 81/4 


15 


1 


21 4 


16 


10 


23 911/16 


15 


2 


21 53/8 


16 


11 


23 II1/16 


15 


3 


21 613/16 


17 




24 1/2 


15 


4 


21 83/16 


17 


1 


24 115/16 


15 


5 


21 9% 


17 


2 


24 35/16 


15 


6 


21 II1/16 


17 


3 


24 4% 


15 


7 


22 7/16 


17 


4 


24 61/8 


15 


8 


22 1% 


17 


5 


24 7%6 


15 


9 


22 35/1 6 


17 


6 


24 9 



Extreme caution must be exercised in tak- 
ing off centers of fittings in these measure- 
ments. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 21 

Table of Diagonals for 45° Triangles Measur= 

ing from i Inch to 20 Feet 

on the Sides. 



Sides. 


Diagonal . 


Sid 


es. 


Diagonal. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft 


In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


17 


7 


24 


10% 


18 


10 


26 7% 


17 


8 


21 


111% G 


18 


11 


26 9 


17 


9 


25 


114 


19 




26 107/iG 


17 


10 


25 


2% 


19 


1 


26 11% 


17 


11 


25 


41/16 


19 


2 


27 114 


18 




25 


51/2 


19 


3 


27 211/16 


18 


1 


25 


6% 


19 


4 


27 4ViG 


IB 


2 


25 


8%G 


19 


5 


27 51/0 


18 


3 


25 


911/iG 


19 


6 


27 6i5/i« 


18 


4 


25 


lli^s 


19 


7 


27 85/iG 


18 


5 


26 


%G 


19 


8 


27 9% 


18 


6 


26 


11^16 


19 


9 


27 113/iG 


18 


7 


26 


3% 


19 


10 


28 9/iG 


18 


8 


26 


41%6 


19 


11 


28 2 


18 


9 


26 


6%G 


20 




28 3%6 



Extreme caution must be exercised in tak- 
ing off centers of fittings in these measure- 
ments. 



22 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Illustration showing how to obtain measure- 
ments of all kinds of bends used in heavy duty 
work. 




QUARTER B£ND5 



Y~x- 




The radius of any bend should not be less 
than. 5 diameters of the pipe and a larger radius 
is much preferable. The length "X" of straight 
pipe at each end of bend should be not less 
than as follows: 



JOHNSON'S HAND¥ MANUAL. 23 

2J-in. Pipe X=4: in. 7-in. Pipe X= 8 in. 

3 -in. Pipe X^4 in. 8-in. Pipe X= 9 in. 

31-in. Pipe X=5 in. 10-in. Pipe X=12 in. 

•i -in. Pipe X^^=5 in. 12-in. Pipe X=14 in. 

41-in. Pipe X=6 in. 14-in. Pipe X=16 in. 

5 -in. Pipe X=6 in. 15-in. Pipe X=16 in. 

6 -in. Pipe X=7 in. 16-in. Pipe X=20 in. 

18-in. Pipe X=22 in. 

Table showing expansion of iron pipe for 
each 100 feet in inches from 30 degrees. 



Temperature. 


Expansion in inches. 


165 degrees. 


1.15 


215 degrees. 


1.47 


265 degrees. 


1.78 


297 degrees. 


2.12 


338 degrees. 


2.45 



RadisLtion in. I^o-w- Pressure Steam 

Heatiz^g Plant Belo^v "W^ater 

I^ii^e of Boiler. 

There are two wa3's by wliicli lieat may be 
had from lov.^ pressure steam heating plants at 
points below the A\'atGr level of the boiler, and 
while these two special points are known to the 
average fitter, there arc many persons practicing 
this line of trade who l:avc had no experience 
with such system, but who often meet situations 
where radiation below the water line Avould be 
desirable. The illustration, Fig. 5, will serve 
to show liow the pipe work of such radiation 
may be practically carried out. In the illustra- 
tion L represents the steam boiler, from which 
steam may be carried to the various radiators 
situated above the boiler and having the usual 
return pipe to bring back the condensation to 
the boiler. 

The highest point to which water rises, or 
the water level, is indicated by W, and on the 
right side of boiler is a return bend coil, all of 
which is situated below the water level, and 

24 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 




Fig. 5. 



26 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

which can he used as radiating surface. Through 
this coil the water from the steam hoiler can 
he made to circulate^ and will he found to he 
A^er}^ effective. Both connections of the coil 
should he provided in such cases with valves as 
shown^ and while one valve Avould ansAver the 
purpose of stopping the circulation^ it is always 
hest to j)rovide against a leak in the coil^ so 
that a valve in eacl* hranch to the hoiler might 
save trouhle and anno3^ance. Then Avhere such 
radiation as shown on the right of hoiler is 
used^ provision should ahvays he made to drain 
the coils of Avater when not Avanted for heating 
purposes in cold Aveather^ and this can he done 
hy placing a pet cock at some point on the 
lower pipe in such coil. If the pipes to hot 
Avater radiation of this kind are carried as 

shoAvn^ there Avill he no necessity of air valves, 
as all air AAdll pass to the hoiler and escape 
through radiators situated at some higher eleva- 
tion. 

Any style of hot water radiation can he used 
for such purposes, as well as pipe coils, hy 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 27 

simply carrying out the same general principle 
of producing circulation. On the left of the 
boiler in the illustration is shown another kind 
of radiation at a point below the boiler^ and in 
this case steam is used, but the condensation 
does not return to the boiler, and therefore jpro- 
vision is made in this case so that there will be 
no escapement of steam and at the same time 
completely draining the radiator. At the outlet 
end of this style radiation is placed a steam 
trap, as indicated by T, the discharge pipe from 
which connects with a waste or drain pipe. 
There are a few special points connected with 
this arrangement of radiation, which must also 
be remembered, to guard against damage from 
freezing. And, as will be noticed, the radiation 
is elevated so that all water will fall from it 
into the steam trap by gravitation, then, again, 
the one valve for controlling the supply of 
steam to this radiator is located near the main 
steam pipe above the boiler, so that at times 
when this valve is closed there will be no chance 
for water to stand in any part of the steam pipe 



28 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

to tlie radiator where it might freeze. An auto- 
matic air valve will be necessary on such radi- 
ators in order to keep up a circulation of the 
steam at all times during cold weather^ for the 
reason that it would be possible to stop circula- 
tion by the accumulation of air in the radiator 
with an ordinary direct air valve, and with the 
steam supply valve on main pipe wide open, and 
under such circumstances it would be possible 
for the water to freeze in the steam trap, thus 
closing the outlet and allowing the radiator 
and all connections to it to fill Avith water. 
Therefore it will be seen that this is a very im- 
portant place to use the best make of automatic 
air valves. In regard to the supply valves on 
all lines, if globe valves are used, they should 
be placed at an angle of 4.5 degrees, as shown 
in illustration, in order to prevent trapping of 
these lines, but gate valves in such places may 
be placed at any angles. In heating systems of 
this kind where steam radiation is located below 
the water level of the boiler and condensation 
from such surface discharged through steam 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 29 

traps, there will be a loss of water from the boi- 
ler to the extent of such condensation, and on 
this account, it will be necessary to place on 
the boiler a reliable automatic water feeder con- 
nected to the water service supply to keep the 
water up to its proper height in the boiler at 
all times, and not alone to save attention but 
to protect the boiler. 

MTHsit a. Unit of Heat is. 

A unit of heat is that amount of heat which 
is required to raise the temperature of one 
j^ound of water 1 degree F., and is used to cal- 
culate and measure the quantity of heat. 

Combtistion of Fu.el in. Hotise- 
Heatiiig Boilers. 

The combustion of fuel in any given area of 
grate must 'depend on the rapidity of the 
draught. 

In ordinary home heating boilers, one square 
foot of grate will burn from 5 to 8 pounds of 
coal per hour. 



so JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

One pound of coal should add about 9000 
heat units to water in a boiler used for heating 
purposes. 

One cubic foot of ordinary coal gas contains 
650 units of heat, but 50 % of this is lost in 
the generating of steam or heating of water by 
even the best construction of Bunsen or atmos- 
pheric burners, so that 1 cubic foot of 16 candle 
power gas will add about 325 units of heat to 
water below 200 degrees F. 

A most important thing in the construction 
of steam heating plants, is to properly propor- 
tion the boiler, the grate surface with the heat- 
ing surface, also the proper area of chimney for 
a proper and economical consumption of the 
fuel, and for this purpose the following dia- 
grams have been arranged, and which are the 
result of practical experience and tests under 
various conditions. 

It v^ill be noticed in referring to plate, Fig. 
6, that one square foot of grate surface will 
supply 36 square feet of boiler surface ; and 
this amount of grate and boiler surface will 



.TOHNSON'R HANDY MANUAL. 



carry 196 square feet of direct radiating sur- 
face for heating purposes. The area of chim- 
ney must be taken into consideration, and for 
this amount we allow 49 square inches. 



^9 'Sf^fn. 









cJ/je. of 



D 














(ft'ofe. ^t^ee 







































































7Soi/&^ ^otyiace. 









/96 ^^ 


/='^cir 



















































































































































































































































































































































































































Fig. 6 



CKixnniey Flues. 

For low pressure gravity steam heating 
plants^ carrying over 1000 feet of radiation^ the 
size of chimney may be reduced somewhat less 
in proportion than that shown in Fig. 5. The 
success of any heating plant depends largely 
on the chimney^ and no matter how well a boiler 
may be proportioned and constructed, there 
cannot be proper results unless the chimney is 
also properly constructed. Chimneys intended 
for heating plants should never be constructed 
less than 8x8 inches in the clear for the smal- 
lest size private house. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 33 

Table showing number of brick required for 
brickinsr various sizes of tubular boilers. 



Inches 



Feet. Common Brick. Fire Brick. 



30 


8 


5110 


320 


30 


10 


5710 


320 


36 


8 


6100 


480 


36 


10 


6900 


480 


40 


10 


7530 


600 


40 


12 


8630 


600 


42 


10 


9380 


720 


42 


12 


10630 


720 


42 


14 


11430 


720 


48 


12 


13000 


980 


48 


14 


14000 


980 


48 


16 


15000 


980 


54 


14 


14520 


1154 


54 


16 


15720 


1154 


60 


14 


15780 


1280 


60 


16 


17080 


1280 


60 


18 


18380 


1280 


66 


16 


19350 


1400 


GC, 


18 


20650 


1400 


72 


16 


20350 


1550 


72 


IR 


21550 


1550 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Ta.ble of relative sizes of one pipe steam main 
showing feet of radiation pipe will take care of. 

1 inch 40 to 50 Feet of Eadiation. 

li inch 100 to 125 Feet of Eadiation. 

11 inch 125 to 250 Feet of Radiation. 

2 inch 250 to 400 Feet of Radiation. 

21 inch 400 to 650 Feet of Eadiation. 

3 inch 650 to 900 Feet of Radiation. 

3-J inch 900 to 1250 Feet of Eadiation. 

4 inch 1250 to 1600 Feet of Radiation. 

U inch 1600 to 2050 Feet of Radiation. 

5 inch 2050 to 2500 Feet of Radiation. 

6 inch 2500 to 3600 Feet of Radiation. 

7 inch 3600 to 5000 Feet of Radiation. 

8 inch 5000 to 6500 Feet of Eadiation. 

9 inch 6500 to 8100 Feet of Radiation. 

10 inch 8100 to 10000 Feet of Radiation. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 35 

Table showing Yarious size of pipe consti- 
tuting a foot of Eadiation. 
AYater and steam the same. 

36 in. 1 in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

28 in. 1^ in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

24 in. 1^ in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

20 in. 2 in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

16 in. 2J in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

13 in. 3 in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

11 in. 3-| in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

10 in. 4 in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

7 in. 5 in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

4 in. 6 in. pipe makes 1 foot of radiation. 

Hestting Surface of Boilers. 

In considering the question, "What is good 
and proper heating surface in steam boilers?" 
we take the horizontal tubular style of boilers 
as the standard, and any construction of cast 
or wrought iron boiler with as good heating 
surface may be figured in the same manner as 
to capacity. 



36 


l-lor>izontal 


TMlbMlar* Boilers, 




Diam Lenarth 

of of 
Shell Shall 


Vo. of 
Tubes 


Diam. 

of 
Tujes 


Lensrth Gauge Gauge 

of of of 
Tubos Shell Hoad3 




lorse 
Pow'r 


GO 


19 


65 


SH 


18 


V^ 


K 


1147 


76 


60 


18 


65 


3^ 


17 


% 


K 


1074 


72 


GO 


17 


65 


3M 


16 


% 


3^ 


1006 


67 


GO 


17 


92 


3 


16 


% 


Via 


1229 


82 


GO 


16 


92 


3 


15 


% 


yi6 


1152 


77 


GO 


15 


92 


3 


11 


% 


Vie 


1075 


72 


GO 


14 


92 


3 


13 


% 


yi6 


998 


67 


54 


19 


50 


SM 


18 


^Ae 


v% 


951 


63 


54 


J8 


50 


'^H 


17 


5/16 


}i 


900 


60 


54 


17 


50 


3^ 


16 


¥l6 


^ 


795 


53 


54 


17 


72 


3 


16 


5/10 


^Ae 


977 


65 


54 


16 


72 


3 


15 


5/l6 


^/l6 


917 


61 


54 


15 


72 


3 


14 


5/l6 


7/16 


857 


57 


54 


14 


72 


3 


13 


5/16 


Vie 


797 


53 


54 


13 


72 


3 


12 


5/i6 


Vie 


735 


49 


48 


17 


40 


3K 


16 


5/16 


% 


683 


46 


4S 


17 


49 


3 


16 


5/i6 


% 


684 


46 


48 


16 


49 


a 


15 


%6 


% 


642 


43 


48 


15 


49 


3 


14 


5/i6 


% 


600 


40 


48 


U 


49 


■I 


13 


5/i6 


% 


555 


37 


48 


13 


49 


3 


12 


5/i6 


% 


513 


34 


48 


12 


65 


2K 


11 


5/i8 


% 


542 


36 


42 


16 


38 


3 


15 


M 


% 


508 


34 


42 


15 


38 


3 


14 


M 


% 


476 


32 


42 


14 


38 


3 


13 


K 


% 


441 


30 


42 


13 


38 


3 


12 


M 


% 


408 


27 


42 


12 


45 


2K 


11 


M 


% 


390 


26 


42 


11 


45 


2K 


10 


M 


% 


355 


24 


42 


10 


45 


2 4 


9 


K 


% 


320 


22 


42 


9 


45 


21^ 


8 


Va 


% 


285 


19 


42 


8 


45 


^'A 


7 


Va 


% 


248 


16 


?S 


13 


28 


3 


12 


M 


% 


306 


20 


36 


12 


34 


2M 


11 


M 


% 


298 


20 


36 


11 


3t 


2K 


10 


M 


% 


271 


18 


36 


10 


34 


2^ 


9 


M 


% 


244 


16 


36 


9 


31 


2^^ 


8 


M 


% 


211 


14 


36 


8 


34 


2M 


7 


M 


% 


190 


12 


30 


9 


30 


2 


8 


M 


% 


152 


10 


30 


8 


30 


2 


7 


M 


% 


133 


8 


30 


7 


30 


2 


G 


M 


% 


114 


7 


30 


6 


30 


2 


5 


M 


% 


95 


6 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 




Fig. 7. 

Ho'w to Properly TaKe Measure- 
xnents of Pipes atzid Fittings. 

In Fig. 7, we give a diagram of two elbows, 
a valve^ and a tee, with lines drawn through 
the center of each fitting, also a lateral line 
below with arrows indicating the center points 
of fittings, inside of which the measurements 
are to be marked. This makes it clear when 
ordering pipe work with fittings cnt to order, 
so that if the measurements are correctly taken 
and placed on diagram, there can be no mis- 
takes in getting out such work. 



38 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Outside diameter of standard wrought iron 
steam, gas and water pipe. From ^ to 10 inches. 




Fig. 8. 



Size of pipe 

Outside diam. of pipe 

Size of pipe .... 
Outside diam. of pipe 

Size of pipe 

Outside diam. of pipe 

Size of pipe 

Outside diam. of pipe 



1 

131/100 

3 

350/iofl 



662/100 



5*/lO 

IM 

16%00 

loo/ioo 

7 

762/iO( 



eyioo 
1^ 

190/100 

4 

450/10 



«*/ioo 

2 

23%oo 



500/100 

9 
968/100 



1%00 

2877100 

5 
556/100 

10 
1077/100 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Size of FresK A.ir Inlets to 
Indirect StacKs. 

Where natural draught is depended upon 
for the movement of cold air to the indirect 
stacks of steam radiation, practice has found 
that for each square foot of radiation 1| 
square inches of opening for cold air supply 
is necessary, or, in other words, for each 10 
square feet of indirect radiation 15 square 
inches of cold air opening will answer. 



THe A.inotmt of Direct R^stdisition 

tHat cstriL l>e Hearted 'hy 

KxHatist Stesixn. 

In calculating the heating capacity of an 
engine from its exhaust steam,there will be some 
difference in the make or style of such engine 
from which the exhaust steam is taken^ and the 
better the engine the less will be the heating 
capacity per horse power of such engine from 
its exhaust steam; at the same time it will be 
a safe plan, based on practical experience, to 
allow from 100 to 125 feet of direct radiation 
per horse power of engine from which the ex- 
haust steam is taken." Condensing engines, of 
course, not being considered for such purposes. 

In exhaust steam heating plants Avhere the 
feed water is heated by the exhaust steam, much 
of the heat from the exhaust steam will be ex- 
tracted from the exhaust system by the feed 
water; and therefore this must be taken in con- 
sideration. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 41 

Size o/" Main iSteaxn Pipes. 

In calculating on tlie proper size of steam 
mains for gravity S3^stemsj lengths of sncli pipes 
as well as the square feet of surface in same 
must be considered. In situations where long 
runs of pipe are necessary between the boiler 
and radiating surface proper^ one size larger 
pipe should be used for each 100 feet^ and at 
the same time all mains figured as radiating 
surface when deciding on the sizes of such main 
pi]3e. 



Ra-diating Surface Pipe -^vill Supply* 



Diameter 


Area, 

Inches. 


Radiation. 


of Pipe. 


Direct. 


Indirect. 


114x1 


1.49 


150 


85 


IMxl^ 


2.03 


225 


140 


2 xl^ 


3.35 


350 


200 


^HxlH 


4.78 


500 


300 


3 x2 


7.38 


800 


500 


3>^x2 


9 83 


1100 


700 


4 x2^ 


12.73 


1500 


1000 


4^x21^ 


15,93 


1800 


1200 


5 x3 


19.99 


2400 


1600 


n x3^ 


28.88 


3600 


2200 


7 x4 


38 73 


5000 


3000 


8 x4K 


50.03 


0500 


4000 


9 x5 


63.63 


8000 


5400 


10 x6 


78.83 


10000 


7000 



42 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Number of threads to the inch of screw on 
American standard wrought iron, steam, gas 
and water pipe, from ^ to 10 inches. 



^/yv>A^wvs/w\r 



Z^. >i 



wvwvwyvwv*^ 



Fig. 9. 



Siae of pipe 

Number of threads per inch. . . 

Size of pipe ^ 

Number of threads per inch 

Size of pipe 

Number of threads per inch 

Size of pipe 

Number of threads per inch 



27 


I 


% 

18 


14 


1 


W-A 


l»/2 


2 

11^2 


3 

8 


31/2 
8 


i 

8 


8 


6 

8 


7 
8 


8 
8 


9 

8 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 43 

Safe plan of figuring steam heating, where 
hot water is used allow 25 Jo more radiation. 

Olass Surface. 

Allow 1 square foot of direct steam radiation, 
for each 3 square feet of glass. 

£xpose<l IVall Surface. 

Allow 1 square foot of direct steam radiation, 
for each 30 square feet of exposed wall. 

Cubical Contents. 

Allow 1 square foot of direct steam radiation 
for each 100 feet of space or contents of room. 

£.xaniple. 

If we have a room 13 feet wide, 15 feet long, 
and 10 feet high, as shown in Fig. 10, with one 
side and one end exposed to the exterior atmos- 
phere, and having two windows, as shown, we 
proceed to find the necessary radiation as fol- 



44 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

lows: "VVe first find tlie cubical contents of the 
room, which is 1950 cubic feet. This we divide 
by 100, and result is 19 J square feet of radia- 
tion. 



U 



IE 



3'0"Kb-0" 



/3-o^ /S'O" 



/O/^ 



^/f- 



:| 



Fig. 10. 



Next the exposed wall surface is taken, which 
is found to be 244 square feet, this exposed 
surface is divided by 30, and the result from 
this division is 8 square feet and a small frac- 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 45 

tion. The glass surface in the two windows is 
yet to be measured up, and as they are each 3x6 
feet, the total amount of glass will be 36 square 
feet, and, as stated above, the glass surface is to 
be divided by 3; therefore 36"^3 gives 12 square 
feet of radiation. We have now the three 
amounts of radiation, which, when added to- 
gether equals 19J+8^"12=39J square feet of 
direct steam radiation necessary to heat the 
room given in Fig. 10. This rule is intended 
for hrst floors, and for rooms above the first 
floor, from 10 to 20 % less radiation will 
answer. 

This system equalizes each room to be 
warmed, giving it the proper proportion of ra- 
diation, not only according to its size, but ex- 
posure and amount of glass surface. 

Outside doors must be figured the same as 
glass surface, and in measuring windows the 
entire width and height of sash should be taken. 
Even with the above system of getting the radi- 
ation there must be some judgment exercised in 
distributing the radiation, according to the 



46 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

points of compass. It is a good plan to add a 
little extra radiation for rooms situated on the 
north side of the house, and deduct it from 
rooms on the south side of the house. 

Indirect Radisttion. 

To get the proper amount of indirect radia- 
ting surface for low joressure steam heating, 
50% more surface is necessary than where di- 
rect surface is used, so that to warm the room, 
as shown in Fig. 10 hy indirect radiation 60 
square feet of radiation would be required. 



V 



S 



I 8 

> ft 

(0 ;? 







11 



A 

6 





Complete Soil and VITaste Pipe System of a Modern 
Up-to*Date Residence. 




po] 
lit1 
no] 
roo 



tin. 
50 ; 
rec 
as 
sqii 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 49 

Jlo^^ £nds of Pipe SKould be 
I\,ea.mecl* 

If the ordinary style of fittings are used on 
hot water circulating systems, such as are not 
recessed, all ends of pipes should be carefully 
reamed out in a manner as shown in illustra- 
tion, Fig. 12, and unless the ends of pipes 
are reamed, taking off at least the burr, there 
will not only be a large amount of friction due 
to such obstructions, but the capacit}^ of the 
23ipe will be greatly reduced by the burrs con- 
tracting the area of the pipes at each end ; and 
while the average fitter might consider this a 
small matter, and in a measure a waste of time 
to ream the ends of pipes, he is worldng against 
his own interests if he desires to construct a 
good, easy, and economical Avorking heating 
plant. It more than pays, in fact it is a good 
investment to carefully construct the pipe work 
of a hot water heating plant, and avoid as much 
as possible any cause of friction to the move- 
ment of the water. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Fig. 12. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY iMANUAL. 51 

Under no consideration should lead be used 
in fittings as lead lias a tendency to stop the 
circulation in time. A good jiractical man will 
alwa3's lead on the threads. 

R.apid Circxilation o*^ Hot VTsitex*. 

It must be remembered that the more rapid 
the circulation may be through the pipe system 
of a heating apparatus^ the more heat will be 
given off through the radiating surface, and 
consequently the sluggish apparatus will re- 
quire more radiating surface to do the same 
work of one having a good circulation, and 
this is where it will pay the heating engineer 
to use every effort in producing the best circu- 
lation possible. The quick circulating plant is 
also the most economical in the consumption of 
fuel, and therefore the consumer gets a better 
bargain, the better the circulation. All these 
points should be taken into consideration 
throughout the complete heating apparatus. 

The st3de of radiation used must be consid- 



52 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

ered not only as to its surface, bnt as to its 
constrnction regarding the circulation of water 
through it. 

Some makes or styles of radiators may be 
good for steam heating, but might not answer 
at all for hot water heating, while on the other 
hand a good hot water radiator is always a 
good radiation for steam heating. 

As stated in other parts of this book, the 
cause of circulation in hot water heating ap- 
paratus is the difference in weight of the water 
in the flow pipe and that in the return. And 
even with the greatest difference in temperature 
of these two columns of water that can be had 
in general house heating, the motive power will 
be very little, and consequently it is quite nec- 
essary to carry all hot water pipes in as favor- 
able a manner as possible, avoiding all dips and 
air jDOckets, also short bends. A simple man- 
ner of illustrating friction in the flow of water 
through pipes at various angles is shown in the 
accompanying illustration, which represents 
five railway tracks. For a matter of comparl- 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 53 

son^ let us suppose that a locomotive is placed 
on each track in a line, the tracks all being 
the same distance apart, but of different angles, 
and the locomotives all starting at the same 
time under the same conditions, it would not 
be necessary to ask the question which locomo- 
tive would reach the end of track first. By re- 
ferring to the illustration the arrows indicate 
where situate close to the outside rail on the 
different tracks, the points of friction with 
which the outside AAdieels would have to con- 
tend. Track No. 1 is perfectly straight 
and therefore, has nothing to retard the motion 
of the wheel, as indicated by the arrows all in 
the center. Track 2 has a small curve which 
would very much retard the motion, while 
Tracks 3, 4 and 5 have still greater curves. By 
referring to Track 5, it will be noticed that in 
this case there will be friction from the very 
starting point to the finish, and this might rep- 
resent an elbow in a hot water heating plant. 
Short Elbows and Bends, therefore, for such 
work are great obstacles to the rapid movement 



354 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



of water in any lieating apparatus. Long Bends 
should be used where angles are necessary, in 
branches as well as elbows. It requires energy 
to produce friction, and energy is power; there- 




Fig. 13. 



fore, the energy and power used by friction in 
the pipes of a hot water heating apparatus re- 
quire a certain percentage of the fuel consumed 
in the heater. This is a total loss, for the 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 55 

reason that from this percentage of fuel no Heat 
is derived. Many fitters and plumbers are un- 
der the impression that whatever will conduct 
steam in a steam heating apparatus will also 
answer just as well for the conveying of hot 
water in a hot water heating apparatus^ for- 
getting that steam and water are two widely 
different things. It must he remembered that 
when we liave water flowing through a pipe we 
are dealing practically with a solid matter, 
compared to . that of steam. There is practi- 
cally no compressibility to water, and when in 
motion passing through pipes and bends, it 
produces friction to a much greater extent than 
steam or other gases, which have great flexibil- 
ity. What do we gain with rapid circulation 
in a hot water heating apparatus? In the first 
place it is necessar}'- to have the water circulate 
from the boiler to the radiators in order to con- 
vey the heat to the various rooms of the build- 
ing. After the hot water Jias given off a por- 
tion of its heat to the radiators, its tempera- 
ture ^^'ill have lowered to a point where it is of 



56 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

no further use for imparting heat to the radia- 
ting surface. The particles of water after los- 
ing part of their heat, being no longer of value, 
must hurry back to the boiler, or source of 
heat, for a new supply, which in due course is 
again imparted to the radiating surface. Rapid 
circulation in a hot water heating apparatus 
benefits the boiler when considered from the 
standpoint of economy in fuel. Both the duty 
and action of the boiler in a heating plant are 
just the opposite to that of the radiation sur- 
face, and in order to get the most work from 
the boiler with the least amount of fuel, the 
return water must flow into the boiler as quick- 
ly as possible in order to take up as many as 
possible of the heat units produced by the 
fuel consumed in the boiler, and allow as little 
of heat to pass to the chimney unutilized. The 
more rapid the circulation of the water through 
the boiler the greater efficiency will be attained 
in the entire heating apparatus. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 57 

WaLtetr Capacity of st Boiler. 

To find the water capacity of a horizontal 
tubular boiler of any size. 

1. Multiply 2/3 of the area of the head in 
inches by the length of the boiler in inches. 

2. Deduct the area of a single tube mul- 
tiplied by the number in the boiler multi- 
plied by the length in inches. 

3. Divide by 231 to reduce the answer to 
gallons. 

Example. 

How much water (1/3 being steam space) 

will a boiler contain 6 feet in diameter and 

18 feet long, with 100 3-inch tubes? 

The area of 6 feet in inches=4071 . 5 

And 2/3rds of this is 2714.3 

Multiply by length 18 by inches X 12= 216 







162848 


100 3-inch tubes to be deducted. 


27143 


No. Ft. In. 




54286 


Area 7X100X18X12 







7X12-^84 




586288.8 


8400X18= 




15120.0 

571168.8 


231)571,1688 






24,726 gallons. 


Ans. 





JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 




Fig. 14. 
Table showing the pressure of water at different elevations. 





£-d 


... . 


£^ 




£j3 




2^ 


'd 


Sfl 


tj 


?.^ 


'd 


?r^ 




^ d 


CO 


^^ 


n3 




nJ 


OBM 






rt 


P-l Oj 


w 




w 


£0) 




H 


-tT 


w ^ 




M !=> 




M S 




m ^ 




































si 


^ 


si 


P^ 


II 


PM 


h 


1 


0.34 


100 


43.31 


195 


84.47 


290 


125.62 


5 


2.16 


105 


45.48 


2-JO 


86.63 


295 


127.78 


10 


4.38 


110 


47.64 


205 


88 80 


300 


129 97 


15 


6.49 


115 


49.81 


210 


90.96 


310 


134.28 


20 


8 66 


120 


51.98 


215 


93.14 


320 


138.62 


25 


10.82 


125 


54.15 


220 


95.30 


330 


142.91 


30 


12.99 


130 


56 31 


225 


97.49 


340 


147.28 


35 


15.16 


135 


58.48 


230 


99 63 


350 


151. 61 


40 


17.32 


140 


60.34 


235 


101.79 


360 


155.94 


45 


19.49 


145 


62.81 


240 


103.96 


370 


160.27 


50 


21.65 


150 


64.97 


245 


106.13 


380 


164.61 


55 


23.82 


155 


07.14 


250 


108.29 


390 


168.94 


60 


25.99 


160 


69 31 


255 


110.46 


400 


173.27 


65 


28.15 


165 


71.47 


260 


112.62 


500 


216.58 


70 


30.32 


17) 


73.64 


265 


114 79 


(iOO 


259.90 


75 


32.48 


175 


75 80 


27) 


116.96 


700 


303.22 


80 


34.65 


180 


77.97 


275 


119.12 


800 


346.54 


85 


36.82 


185 


80.14 


280 


121 29 


900 


389 86 


90 


3S.98 


190 


82.30 


285 


123.45 


1000 


4:^3.18 


95 


41.15 















JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 59 

Tro^xble from Improper Ttxruiins 
of Stea^m R^stdisttor Valves. 

Still another source of trouble and loss of 
water from the boiler comes in the manner in 
which radiator valves are handled, especially on 
the two pipe system, and this is when it is de- 
sirable to close off the heat : The inlet valve 
is closed, while the return valve may be left 
partly or entirely open, thus allowing con- 
densation to back up from some other source 
and thus storing up a considerable amount of 
water in the radiator, to the detriment of 
the boiler, because this water is not intended 
to accumulate in any part of the system 
above the return pipes, but fall by gravita- 
tion to the boiler. It will therefore be seen 
that on two pipe radiators, both valves must 
be left wide open or both perfectly closed, 
in order to have the apparatus operate in a 
proper manner. The same applies to a one 
pipe system as well. 



K) JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Amount of Radiation Expansion 
TanK 'Will Carry. 



Size, 


Capacity, 


Sq. Ft. of 


Size, Capacity, 


Sq. Ft. of 


Inches. 


Gallons. 


Radiation 


Inches. 


Gallons. 


Radiation 


10x20 


8 


250 


16x36 


32 


1300 


12x20 


10 


300 


16x48 


42 


2000 


12x30 


15 


500 


18x60 


66 


3000 


14x30 


20 


700 


20x60 


82 


5000 


16x30 


26 


950 


22x60 


100 


6000 



Illustration showing how to properly connect 
Expansion Tank. 



OvtrfOouS* "tff 




«^ 



XJ-i^LUL-A -^ ^^ Y^ 









Fig. 15. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 6l 

Every pound of coal requires a definite 
amount of air to burn it. It therefore requires 
ten times as much air to burn properly one 
hundred pounds of coal as it does to burn ten, 
and so on. Don't try to do what is impossible; 
a boy may sometimes be made to do a man's 
work, but a small chimney cannot possibly do 
the work of a laro^e one. 



62 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

TatnK Capstcity-. 

Gallons per 

Diameter. Foot of Depth 

2 Feet. Inch ' 23.5 

2 " 6 " 36.7 

3 '' 52.9 

3 " 6 " 72.0 

4 " 94.0 

4 '^ 6 " 119.0 

5 " 146.9 

5 " 6 '' 177.7 

6 " 221.5 

6 " 6 " 248.2 

7 " 287.9 

7 '' 6 " 330.5 

8 " 376.0 

8 " 6 " 424.5 

9 « 475.9 

9 " 6 '' 530.2 

10 " 587.5 

11 '' ....710.9 

12 " 846.0 

13 " 992.0 

14 " 1151.5 

15 " 1321.9 

20 " 2350.1 

25 " ....3672.0 

30 " 5287.7 

35 " n97.1 

40 " 9400.3 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Vertical and Horizontal TaniK. 



Capacity 
Gallons. 


Diameter 
luches. 


Length Feet. 


Approximate 
Weight 


6G 


18 


5 


220 


85 


20 


5 


250 


100 


22 


5 


280 


120 


24 


5 


320 


145 


24 


6 


360 


170 


24 


7 


400 


180 


30 


5 


480 


2J5 


30 


6 


540 


250 


30 


7 


590 


300 


30 


8 


640 


325 


36 


6 


780 


365 


36 


7 


810 


420 


36 


8 


880 


430 


42 


6 


1150 


575 


42 


8 


1400 


720 


42 


10 


1650 



When a pipe coil or cast iron section is in- 
troduced into the firepot for the purpose of 
heating water for domestic nse^ additional cap- 
acity should be figured in determining size of 
Boiler^ viz., in the case of Steam Boilers^ IJ 
square feet of direct radiation for each gallon 
of water to be thus heated, and in the case of 



64 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Water Boilers, 2 square feet of direct radiation 
for eacli gallon of water to be thus heated, ac- 
cording to the capacity of the tank to which 
coil or section is connected. 

When indirect radiation is to be used, not 
less than 75 per cent increase over direct radia- 
tion should be figured in determining the size 
of boiler required. 

In rating steam boilers as above, it is under- 
stood that an average pressure of two pounds 
will be maintained at the Boiler. In rating 
water boilers as above, it is understood that 
the mean temperature of the water at the Boiler 
will be 180 degrees Fahrenheit. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Stesim. 

One-Pipe Work. 

Radiators containinsr 24 square feet and under 1 inch 

Above 24, but not exceeding 60 feet 1% inch 

Above 60, but not exceeding 100 feet 134 inch 

Above 100 square feet 2 inch 

Two-Pipe Work. 

TJadiators containing 48 square feet and under. 1 x ?£ inch 

Above 48, but not exceeding 96 feet IM x 1 inch 

Above 96 square feet I14 x 134 inch 

Hot "Water. 

Tapped for Supply and Return. 

Radiators containing 40 square feet and under 1 inch 

Above 40, but not exceeding 72 square feet IH inch 

Above 72 square feet 1!^ inch 



Width, inches 


Name of Radiator 


Length occu- 
pied in Stack 
by each Sec- 
tion, Inches. 


Legs 


Inter- 
mediate 
Sections 


Directs 


12H 


1234 

fi 

8% 
11% 

1 

83I 
Wz 
1% 

1034 
43/« 
1% 

10 

10)^ 

r- 

9 
ii?i 

834 
53^8 
1234 




*3 




Buffalo Single-Column 

Buffalo Two-Column 


234 
2% 

*2K2 

*3 


91/8 
12 


Buffalo Three-Column 


8% 


Excelsior 


9H 




Ideal 


SV-i 


Italian Flue 


814 

1134 

8^/2 

1034 
11^4 

934 


National Single-Column 

National Two-Column 

National Four-Column 

Peerless Single-Column 

Peerless Two-Column 

Peerless Three-Column 

Peerless Four-Column 


*234 

*234 
*2H 
*234 

*23l 
234 
234 
2V4 
2% 
234 

*234 


1(H 
12% 


Rococo Ornamental and Plain 

St. Louis Single-Column 

St. Louis Two-Column 

St. Louis Three-Column 

St. Louis Four-Column 

St. Louis Window 


834 




91/2 
6 


Zenith Flue 




12?i 


Zenith Window 





*To length of these Radaitors add V4 inch for each bushing. 



66 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

A.n Olcly but Exceedingly Oood 
MetKod of Lead Bxiiming. 

The apparatus required is a cast-iron fur- 
nace, two or three ladles, and some moulding 
sand. Burning is resorted to by plumbers gen- 
erally for purposes where soldering will not 
stand. 

Cast a sheet of lead of the proper thick- 
ness, and cut the proper length and width, turn 
it up round like a hoop, bringing the two ends 
w^ll together to form a good joint on the out- 
side, and firmly tack them together on the in- 
side; roll it over to see that the joint is close 
on the outside, and paste a piece of stout brown 
paper about 4 inches wide over the whole length 
of the joint. 

The sand must be well tempered, not to have 
any wet lumps in it; make a level bed with the 
sand about 5 or 6 inches thick; roll the hoop 
on the sand so that the joint will come under, 
be careful not to shift it backwards or forwards, 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 67 

but well ram up under both sides. Have a strip 
of wood rather longer than the joint, and I 
inch thick, to form the runner with, place it 
along on edge on the top of the joint; now place 
some sand both sides and ram it well together, 
adding sand until there is a good bank on the 
top of the work; smooth it off with a trowel, 
cut it down towards the strip, so as to form a 
sort of funnel, leaving about 2 inches of the 
strip buried ; draw out the strip endways, being 
careful not to break the sand, leaving one end 
stopped up, the other end stopped up about one 
inch high. At this end make a bay or pond for 
the overflow metal to run into. Have the metal 
red hot, be careful that the runner is free from 
loose sand, shake a. little powdered rosin along 
the runner. Now begin to pour the metal, hold- 
ing the ladle at least one foot above the runner 
so as to give weight and force to the burning 
metal; pour plenty, not minding what is run- 
ning off, as the metal that is pouring in has to 
melt the part which is in the cold sand. When 
the joint is burned through try it by drawing 



68 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

the trying stick along in the runner; if it feels 
smooth along the bottom it is burned, if not, 
pour some more until it is, then stop up the 
end where the metal has been running off, and 
fill up about two inches high, and watch for 
shrinkage, having some hot metal ready to fill 
up as it shrinks down in cooling, or else the 
joint will not be round. When set, remove it 
from the sand, and cut oif the runner with a 
mallet and chisel, finishing off with a piece of 
card wire, the paper on the outside will strip 
off, leaving it bright and clean. 

Having now completed this part and set it 
up, round in shape, proceed with burning in the 
bottom; having a hole or pit in the floor, deep 
enough for the hoop to go down level with the 
floor, placing it in perfectly level. Fill up with 
the sand inside and out rather slackly. When 
filled up within four or five inches from the top, 
ram it down for the other part quite hard on 
the outside, leaving the sand rather higher 
than the edge ; then with a straight-edge 
scrape off level with the edge of the lead. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 69 

Now with a scribe take out the sand the 
thickness of the required bottom, plane the 
sand off with a trowel, and the work will 
turn out clean. The sand on the outside 
being up level with the edge, smooth off, 
and cut a bay all around to take the over- 
flow, shake a little rosin around the edge; 
having the metal red hot, begin to pour 
as before^ only this is a work for two or three 
persons if it is any size, as it must be done 
quickly, pouring the metal along the edge until 
it is properly burned down; when it is burned 
deep enough, pour a few ladlefuls all over the 
bottom, so as to get in a thoroughly fluid state; 
then with the edge of the trowel clean off the 
dross, leaving a perfectly bright surface. Let 
it remain to set. This will not require any fill- 
ing up, as it is open to the air and shrinks; 
when set it may be removed, and if well burned 
it will be perfectly solid. 



70 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Customary Plumbing for Various 
Buildings. 

Dwelling IToiises: The bathroom fixtures, 
laundry tubs and kitchen sink, with the addi- 
tion of a slop sink, make up the usual fix- 
tures to be provided for in the ordinary 
dwelling house. In houses of larger size these 
may be duplicated to some extent. 

Apartment Houses : These are usually 
made up in duplicate flats, one above the 
other, so that the plumbing fixtures may be 
the same for each. It is customary to place 
the bath rooms in the same position on each 
floor so that a single soil pipe may care for 
all. 

Hotels: Here, as in the case just described, 
the bath rooms are placed one above another, 
so that a single soil pipe may care for each series 
and the problem then becomes that of duplica- 
ting the lay-out for an apartment house. ' In 
addition to the private baths, there is a public 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 71 

lavatory or toilet room, usually on the first floor 
or in the hasement. This is fitted up with clos- 
ets, urinals and bowls. The Closet seats and 
urinals are placed side by side, with dividing 
partitions, and connect with a common soil 
pipe running back of them and having a good 
pitch. Each fixture should have its own trap. 
The flushing of the fixtures is often made 
automatic, so that pressing down the wooden 
rim of a closet seat will throw a lever, which 
on being released will flush the closet. Urin- 
als are commonly made to flush at regular 
intervals. The lavatories are made up in 
long rows as a rule. 

Eailroad Stations: The plumbing of a rail- 
road station is similar to that of a hotel, al- 
though even greater care should be taken to 
make the fixtures self-cleansing, as the patrons 
are likely to include many of the lowest and 
most ignorant class of people. Special atten- 
tion should be given to both the local ventila- 
tion of the fixtures and the general ventilation 
of the room. 



72 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

School Houses: The same general rules hold 
in the case of school buildings as in hotels and 
railroad stations. As the pupils are under the 
direct supervision of teachers and janitors, it 
is not necessary to have the fixtures automatic 
to as great an extent as in cases just described^ 
and it is customary to flush the closets by means 
of tanks and pull chains or rods, the same as in 
private dwellings. The urinals may be auto- 
matic, or a small stream of water may be al- 
lowed to flow through them continuously dur- 
ing school hours. 

Shops and Factories: Some simple type of 
fixture which may be easily cared for is best in 
buildings of this kind. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



A few illustrations showing most successful 
methods of taking connections off mains and 
risers for hot water circulation, also showing 
hranches connectino- to radiators. 




Fig. 19. 



74 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Illustrations showing best methods of mak- 
ing hot water radiator connections. 




Fig. 20. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 75 




Fig. 21. 



76 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 




Fig. 22. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 77 

Illustrations showing proper methods of con- 
necting radiators from overhead systems. Air 
valves are not needed in a system of this kind 
as shown in Figs. 23, 24. 




Fig. 23. 



78 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 




Tig. 24. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 79 

IVeigHts and Measures. 

MEASURE OF LENGTH. 

4 In. make 1 Hand. 
7.92 In. make 1 Link. 
18 In. make 1 Cubit. 
12 In. make 1 Foot. 
6 Ft. make 1 Fathom. 
3 Feet make 1 Yard. 
5J Yds. make 1 Eod or Pole. 
40 Poles make 1 Furlong. 

8 Fur. make 1 mile. 
69 1-6 miles make 1 Degree. 

60 Geographical Miles make 1 Degree. 
1760 Yards ) ^ ^^^^^ 
5280 Feet ) 

MEASURE OF SURFACE^ 

144 Square Inches make 1 Square Foot. 

9 Square Feet make 1 Square Yard. 
30^ Square Yards make 1 Rod, Perch or Pole. 

40 Square Rods make 1 Square Rood. 
4 Square Roods make 1 Square Acre. 

10 Square Chains make 1 Square Acre. 
640 Square Acres make 1 Square Mile. 
Gunter's Chain equal to 22 Yards or 100 Links. 
2 72 J Square Feet make 1 Square Rod. 
43,560 Square Feet make 1 Acre. 

MEASURE OF SOLIDITY. 

1728 Cubic Inches make 1 Cubic Foot. 
27 Cubic Feet make 1 Cubic Yard. 



80 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Useful Information. 

A gallon of water (U. S. Standard) weighs 
8 1-3 pounds, and contains 231 cubic inches. 

A cubic foot of water weighs 62J pounds, 
and contains 1,728 cubic inches, or 7J gallons. 

Each Nominal Horse-Power of boilers re- 
quires 1 cubic foot of water per hour. 

In calculating horse-power of steam boilers, 
consider for tubular or flue boilers 15 square 
feet of heating surface equivalent to 1 horse 
power. 

Condensing engines require from 20 to 25 
gallons of water to condense the steam evapo- 
rated from one gallon of water. 

To find the Pressure in Pounds Per Square 
Inch of a, column of water, multiply the height 
of the column in feet by .434. (Approximately, 
every foot elevation is called equal to one-half 
pound per square inch.) 

To find the Capacity of a Cylinder in Gal- 
lons. Multiplying the area in inches by the 
length of stroke in inches will give the totcil 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. SI 

number of cubic inches; divide the amount by 
231 (which is the cubical contents of a gallon 
in inches), and the product is the capacity in 
gallons. 

Ordinary Speed to Kun Pumps is 100 feet 
of piston per minute. 

To find Quantity of Water elevated in one 
minute running at 100 feet of piston per min- 
ute. Square the diameter of water C3dinder in 
inches and multiply by 4. Example: Capacity 
of a five inch cylinder is desired; the square of 
the diameter (5 inches) is 25, which, multiplied 
by 4, gives 100, which* is gallons per minute, 
(approximately.) 

To find the Diameter of a Pump Cylinder to 
move a given quantity of water per minute (100 
feet of j)iston being the speed), divide the num- 
ber of gallons by 4, then extract the square 
root, and the result will be the diameter in in- 
ches. 

To find the Velocity in feet per minute nec- 
essary to discharge a given volume of water in 
a given time, multiply the number of cubic feet 



82 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

of water by 144, and divide the product by the 
area of the pipe in inclies. 

To find tlie Area of a Keqnired Pipe, the vol- 
ume and velocity of water being given, multiply 
the number of cubic feet of water by 144, and 
divide the product by the velocity in feet per 
minute. The area being found, it is easy to 
get the diameter of pipe necessary. 

The Area of the Steam Piston multiplied by 
the steam pressure, gives the total amount of 
pressure exerted. The Area of the Water Pis- 
ton, multiplied by the pressure of water per 
square inch, gives the resistance. A margin 
must be made between the power and the Eesis- 
tance, to move the pistons at the required speed; 
usually reckoned at about 50 per cent. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 83 

BtxsiAess La-w ini Daily- Use. 

The following compilation of business law 
contains the essence of a large amount of legal 
verbiage. 

If a note is lost or stolen^ it does not release 
the maker; he must pay it, if the consideration 
for which it was given and the amount can be 
proven. 

Notes bear interest only when so stated. 

Principals are responsible for the acts of their 
agents. 

Each individual in a partnership is respon- 
sible for the whole amount of the debts of the 
firm, excepting in cases of special partnership. 

Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

A note made on Sunday is void. 

Contracts made on Sunday cannot be en- 
forced. 

A note by a minor is void. 

A contract made with a minor is void. 



84 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

A contract made with, a lunatic is void. 

A note obtained by frand, or from a person 
in a state of intoxication, cannot be collected. 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

Signatures made with a lead pencil are good 
in law. 

A receipt for money is not always con- 
clusive. 

The acts of one partner bind all the rest. 

"Value Received'' is usually written in a note, 
and should be, but is not necessary. If not writ- 
ten it is presumed by the law, or may be sup- 
plied by proof. 

The maker of an "accomodation" bill or note 
(one for which lie has received no consideration, 
having lent his name or credit for the ac- 
commodation of the holder) is not bound to 
the person accommodated, but is bound to all 
other parties, precisely as if there was a 
good consideration. 

N'o consideration is sufficient in law if it be 
illegal in its nature. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 85 

Checks or drafts must be presented for pay- 
ment without unreasonable dela}^ 

Checks or drafts should be presented during 
business hours, but in this country, except in 
the case of banks, the time extends through the 
day and evening. 

If the drawee of a check or draft has changed 
his residence, the holder must use due or reas- 
onable diligence to find him. 

If one who holds a check as payee or other- 
wise, transfers it to another, he has a right to 
insist that the check be presented that day, or, 
at farthest, on the day following. 

A note indorsed in blank (the name of the 
indorser only written), is transferable by deliv- 
er}^, the same as if made payable to bearer. 

If the time of payment of a note is not insert- 
ed, it is held payable on demand. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Interest Table. 



F'oMr* F>er* Oent. 



Time. 


$1 


$2 


$3 


$4 


$5 


$6 


$7 


$8 


$9 $10 


$100 


$1000 


1 Dy. 


U 





{) 


(J 





U 


U 


u 


U 





1 


11 


3 " 








U 








U 











4 


3^ 


33 


5 " 





u 


U 


u 





u 


u 


4 


A 


A 


5^ 


56 


10 " 











A 


i 


i 


1 


1 


1 


1 


11 


1 11 


1 Mo. 





i 


1 


]J 


14 


2 


25 


2h 


3 


3i 


33 


3 33 


2 " 


i 


n 


2 


2A 


8 A 


4 


4.', 


U 


(i 


«i 


67 


6 67 


:{ ■' 


1 


2 


H 


4 


5 


(') 


1 


8 


9 


10 


1 CO 


10 00 


4 " 


M 


21 


4 


r)\ 


e.' 


« 


9.'. 


104 


12 


i;u 


1 33 


13 33 


G '• 


2 


4 


H 


« 


10 


12 


U 


Itt 


18 


20 


2 CO 


20 00 


9 " 


8 


fi 


9 


12 


15 


IS 


21 


24 


27 


30 


3 00 


30 00 


1 Yt?. 


4 


« 


12 


16 


^0 


^•4 


2S 


82 


36 


40 


4 CO 


40 00 



JFive Per* Gent. 



Time. 


$1 


$2 


33 


$4 


$5 


$8 


$7 


$8 


$9 


$10 


8100 


$1000 


1 Dy. 

















U 











n 


1 


14 


3 " 
































4 


42 


5 ♦' 




















(^ 


1 


1 


1 


7 


69 


10 " 














1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


u 


14 


1 39 


1 Mo. 


A 


1 


1 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


42 


4 17 


2 " 


1 


u 


3 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


8 


83 


8 33 


3 " 


1 


2i 


4 


5 


fi 


8 


9 


10 


11 


13 


1 25 


12 50 


4 " 


n 


3 


5 


7 


8 


10 


12 


13 


15 


1/ 


1 67 


16 67 


6 " 


n 


5 


8 


10 


13 


15 


18 


20 


23 


25 


2 50 


25 00 


9 •' 


7U1 


15 


19 


23 


26 


30 


34 


38 


3 75 


37 50 


1 Yr. 


5 


10 15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 i 5') 


5 00 


50 00 



Six. f^&r Oent. 



Time. 


$1 


$2 


$3 


$4 


$5 


$6 $7 $8 


$9 


$10 


$100 


$1000 


1 Dt. 








U 











U 





u 


2 


17 


3 " 





























1 


5 


50 


5 •' 

















1 


1 


] 


1 


1 


8 


83 


10 " 








1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


17 


1 67 


1 Mo. 


i 


1 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


4 


5 


5 


50 


5 00 


2 " 


1 


2 


3 


4 




r> 


7 


8 


9 


10 


1 00 


10 00 


3 " 


li 


3 


5 


6 


8 


9 


11 


12 


u 


15 


1 50 


15 00 


4 " 


?, 


4 


r. 


8 


10 


1? 


11 


lii 


IS 


20 


2 ) 


20 00 


6 " 


3 


6 


9 


1? 


15 


18 


n 


24 


2? 


30 


3 00 


30 00 


9 " 


4A 


9 


u 


18 


23 


27 


32 


3) 


41 


45 


4 50 


45 00 


1 Yk. 


6 


12 


18 


24 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


6 00 


6J00 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 87 

Amount of Air Used For st Blower 
System For Ventilation. 

Cubic feet per hour. 

Hospitals 3,600 per Bed. 

Legislative Assembly Halls 3,600 per Seat. 

Barracks, Bedrooms and Workshops. 3,000 per Person. 

Schools and Churches 2, 400 per Person. 

Theaters and Ordinary Halls of 

Audience 2,000 per Seat. 

Office Rooms 1,800 per Person. 

Dining Rooms 1,800 per Person. 



R.ating of Txibtilstr Boilers. 

In figuring radiation, for every horse power allow 
100 square feet of direct radiation. 



MTeigKt and Measurement of a 
Scfuare Foot of Radiation. 

A foot of prime radiation should weigh 6% pounds 
and hold one pint of water. 

Tables of Mains and BrancHes for 
Hot Water. 

1}4, in. will supply 2 1 in, 

IVz in. will supply 2 1^ in, 

2 in. will supply 2 IH in, 

2y2 in. will supply 2 IH in an.l 1 134 in., or 1 2 in. and 1 IH In 

3 in. will supply 1 2^^ in. and 1 2 in,, or 2 2 in. and 1 1^^ in 
SYz in. will supply 2 2^ in. or 1 3 in., and 1 2 in. or 3 2 in 

4 in. will supply 1 .Si/2 in. and 1 2V^ in., or 2 3 in and 4 2 in 
iVi in. will supply 1 SYa in. and 1 3 in., or 1 4 in. and 1 2H in. 

5 in. will supply 1 4 in. and 1 .3 in., or 1 4 V^ in. and 1 2^4 in 

6 in. will supply 2 4 in. and 1 3 in., or 4 3 in. or 10 2 in 

7 in. wilt supply 1 6 in. and 1 4 in., or 3 4 in. and 1 2 in 

8 in. will supply 2 6 in. and 1 5 in,, or 5 4 in. and 2 2 in 



TKerrrvometers, CompaLraLtive Scades. 



Reaumur, 


Centigrade, 


Fahrenheit, 




80O. 


100 0. 


212 0. 




IG 


95 


203 


Water Boils at 


72 


90 


194 


Sea Level. 


68 


85 


185 




63.1 


78.9 


174 




60 


75 


167 


Alcohol Boils 


56 


70 


158 




52 


65 


149 




48 


60 


140 




44 


55 


131 




42.2 


52.8 


127 


Tallow Melts. 


40 


50 


122 




36 


45 


113 




33.8 


42.2 


108 




32 


40 


104 




29.3 


36.7 


98 


Blood Heat. 


28 


35 


95 




25.8 


32.2 


90 




24 


30 


86 




21.3 


26.7 


80 




20 


25 


77 




16 


20 


68 




12.4 


15.3 


60 


Temperate. 


10.2 


12.8 


55 




8 


10 


50 




5.8 


7.2 


45 




4 


5 


41 




1.3 


1.7 


35 










32 


Watbk Freezes. 


_ 0.9 


— 1.1 


30 




— 4 


— 5 


23 




-5.3 


~ 6.7 


20 




— 8 


—10 


14 




_ 9.8 


—12.2 


10 




-12 


—15 


5 




-14.2 


-17.8 





Zero Fahr. 


-16 


-20 


— 4 




-20 


-25 


—13 




—24 


-30 


—22 




—28 


—35 


-31 




—32 


-40 


—40 





The following formula gives the conversion of ttie above scales. 
F = Rx9h-4 + 32° F=Cx9^5 + 320 



JOHNSON'S HANDY jNIANUAL. 



Useful Information. 

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM 

If steam is at 100 pounds by the gauge (115 lbs. 
absolute or total), its temperature is seen by the 
second column of the table to be 337.68° F., and a 
pounQ of it contains 1184.9 heat units above 32° F. 
This means that a pound of water at 32° F., if 
changed into steam at 100 lbs. pressure, will re- 
ceive 1184.9 units of heat, of which 308.5 units 
were given to it while yet water as the tempera- 
ture was raised from 32° to 337.66° F., as shown 
in column 4, and 876.5 units have become latent in 
the steam as the pound of water at 337.66° was 
changed into steam at 337.66°F. (see column 5). 
In column 6 it is seen that a cubic foot of steam 
at 100 lbs. pressure weighs only 0.2583 lbs., or 
about 4 ozs., or that 3.872 cubic foot (column 7) 
weigh a pound, although a cubic foot of water in 
the boiler at 337.66° F. weighs 56.18 lbs., as seen 
in column 8. 

PIPE FACTORS. 





For con- 


For con- 




For con- 


For con- 


Size of 


verting' lin 


verting sq. 


Si^e of 


verting lin- 


verting sq. 


Pipe 


eal feet to 


feet to lin- 


Pipe 


eal feet to 


feet to lin- 




square feet 


eal feet. 




square feet 


eal feet 


% 


.275 


3.637 


Wi 


1.309 


.764 


1 


.334 


2 994 


5 


1.590 


.629 


IH 


.434 


2.30 


6 


1.733 


.577 


IH 


.497 


2.012 


7 


1.996 


.501 


2 


.621 


1;610 


8 


2.259 


.443 


214 


.752 


1.330 


9 


2.544 


.394 


3 


.916 


1.09Q 


10 


2.817 


.355 


31/2 


1.047 


.955 


12 


3.344 


.299 


4 


1.179 


.818 









Multiply quantities by constants shown in respective columns 
EQUATION OF PIPES. 



IHl 

1.44 1 



2 I 2H I 
1.81 I 2 19 I 



3 I 
2.66 1 



3 04 I 3.42 



4H I 5 I ( 
3.8014.23, 5.( 



1 5.80 I 6.55 



To compute the equivalent in 1-inch pipe of a given quantity 
of pipe of other sizes, multiply the number of lineal feet of a 
certain size of pipe by tho figure underneath that size in the 
above table. 

For example :— 5,000 feet of IV^-inch pipe, 4,000 feet 2H-inch 
and 2,000 feet 3-inch is equivalent to 20,380 feet of 1-inch pipe, 
being the sum total found by multiplying 5,000x1.26, 4,000x2.19, 
and 2,000x2,66 



yo JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Horse Power of axi Cngitie. 

a equals Area of piston in square inches. 

p equals Mean pressure of the steam on the piston 

per square inch. 
V equals Velocity of piston per minute in feet. 
Then H. P. equals aXpXv 
33000 
The mean pressure in the cylinder when cutting 
off at 

y^ stroke equal boiler pressure 
% Stroke equal boiler pressure 
% Stroke equal boiler pressure 
1/^ Stroke equal boiler pressure 
% Stroke equal boiler pressure 
% Stroke equal boiler pressure 
% Stroke equal boiler pressure 
% Stroke equal boiler pressure 
To find the weight of the rim of the tly wheel for 
an engine : 

Nominal H. P. X 2000 equals weight in cwts. 

The square of the velocity of 
the circumference in feet per 
second. 



X 


.597 


X 


.670 


X 


.743 


X 


.847 


X 


.919 


X 


.937 


X 


.966 


X 


.992 



RELATIA^E VALUE OF HEATING SURFACE, 

Horizontal surfaces above the, flame equal 1.00 

Vertical surfaces above the flame equal. 50 

Horizontal surfaces beneath the flame 10 

Tubes and Flues equal li/4 times their diameter. 
Convex surfaces above the flame equal 1 1-6 diam. 

FEED WATER REQUIRED BY SMALL ENGINES. 



Gau^e Pres- 
sure at Boiler 


Lbs. Water per 

Effective H. P. 

per Hour. 


1 Gauge Pres- 
sure at Boiler. 


Lbs Water per 

Effective H. P. 

per Hour. 


10 


118 j 


! 60 


75 


15 


111 { 


70 


71 


20 


105 


80 


68 


25 


100 


90 


65 


30 


93 


100 


63 


40 


81 


120 


61 


50 


79 


150 


58 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



£.ll>o^vs. 



Size. 


Size. 


Size. 


V4X 1^ 


2 x2 


4y2X 41/2 


%X 3/8 


2 XI1/2 


41/2X 4 


y2x 1/2 


2 xiy4 






1/2 X % 


2 xl 


5 


X 5 


%X 3^ 




5 


X 4 


%x Va 


2y2x2i/2 








21/2x2 


G 


X 6 


1 xl 


21/2x11/2 


6 


X 5 


1 X % 

1 X 1/2 


3 x3 


6 


X 4 


11/4x114 


3 X21/2 
3 x2 


7 


X 7 


114x1 

iy4x % 
iy4x 1/2 


31/2x31/2 
31/2x3 


8 

8 


X 8 
X 6 






9 


X 9 


IVaxli/a 


4 x4 






iy2xii^ 


4 X31/2 


10 


xlO 


iy2xi 


4 x3 






iy2x % 


4 X21/2 


12 


xl2 



45° Elbows. 

Size, inches.... 3/8, .1/2, %, 1, I14, I1/2, 2, 2i^, 3, 
3%, 4, 41^, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14. 

PitcKecl £.lbo^vs. 

Size, inches Ixs^, 1, li^xl, li^, IV2XIV4., IVz, 

2x11/^, 2, 21/2x2, 2%, 3. 



R^igHt stzid I^eft E.lbo'ws. 

Size, inches. . . .14, %, i^, %, 1, I14, I1/2, 2, 21/2, 3. 



JOHNSON*S HANDY MANUAL. 



Tees. 

In describing Tees, the run is first named, then 
the outlet, thus: 



T 



=1/2X3/8X3^ 



Size. 


Size. 


Size. 


i/ix %x 14 


1 X 3/^x114 


11/2x11/2x1 


s/sx s/sx 1/2 


1 X 3^x1 


I1/2XI1/2X % 


3/8X 3/8X 3/3 


1 X 3/4X % 


11/2x11/2x11/2 




1 X 3/^x 1/2 


11/2x114x2 


y2x 1/2x1 


1 X 1/2x1 


11/2x11/4x11/2 


y2X y2X 3/^ 


1 X 1/2X % 


11/2x11/4x11/4 


I/2X I/2X 1/^ 


1 X 1/2X 1/2 


11/2x114x1 


I/2X y2X 3/8 


1 X 3/8x1 


I1/2XI14X % 


I/2X 3/8X 1/2 




I1/2XI14X 1/2 


y2x 3/8X 3/3 


114x11^x2 


11^x1 x2 




11/4X11/4X11/2 


11/2x1 xli^ 


%x 3^x2 


11/4X114x114 


11/2x1 XI14 


3^X 3/^x11/2 


114x11/4X1 


11/^x1 xl 


3/4X 3^x11/4 


II/4XII/4X \ 


iy2xi X 34 


3/4X 3/^x1 


li^xli^x 1/2 


11/^x1 X 1/2 


%X 3^X % 


114x1 x2 


I1/2X 3^x2 


%X 3/^X 1/2 


114x1 X11/2 


li/sx 3^x11/2 


%X 3/^X 3/3 


114x1 xll/4 


11/2X 3/4x114 


%x 1/2x1 


11^x1 xl 


11/^X 3^x1 


%X I/2X 3/^ 


iy4Xl X % 


iy2X 3^x % 


3^X I/2X 1/2 


11/4x1 X 1/2 


II/2X 1/2X11/2 


3^X 3/8X % 


I14X 3^x2 


iy2x 1/2x11/4 


3/tX 3/8X 3/8 


114X 3^x11/2 

l%x 3/4x114. 




1 xl x2 


II/4X 3/^x1 


2 x2 x3 


1 xl XI1/2 


l%x ?4x % 


2 x2 x2i^ 


1 xl XI14 


li^x 1/2x11/2 


2 x2 x2 


1 xl xl 


114X 1/2x114 


2 x2 XI1/2 


1 xl X 3^ 




2 x2 XI14 


1 Xl X 1/2 


11/2x11/2x21/2 


2 x2 xl 


1 xl X 3/8 


11/2x11/2x2 


2 x2 X % 


1 X 3^x2 


11/2x11/2x11/0 


2 x2 X 1^ 


1 X 3/^x11/2 


11/2x11/2x11^ 


2 xli/2x2i^ 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Tees— Continued. 



Size. 




Size. 


Size. 


4 x2 1/2x4 


5 


x3 


X41/2 


8x 8x 8 


4 x2 1/2x3 


5 


x3 


x4 


8x 8x 7 


4 x2 1/2x2 1/2 


5 


x3 


X31/2 


8x 8x 6 


4 x2 1/2x2 


5 


x3 


x3 


8x 8x 5 


4 X21/2XI1/2 


5 


x3 


X21/2 


8x 8x 41^ 


4 x2 1/2x1 


5 


x3 


x2 


8x 8x 4 


4 x2 


x4 


5 


x2 1/2x5 


8x 8x 31^ 


4 x2 


x3 


5 


x2i^x4 


8x 8x 3 


4 x2 


X21/2 


5 


x2i^x3 


8x 8x 21/^ 


4 x2 


x2 


5 


x2 


x5 


8x 8x 2 


4 x2 


XI1/2 








8x 7x 8 


4 XI1/2X4 


6 


x6 


x8 


8x 7x 6 


4 xli^x4 


6 


x6 


x7 


8x 6x 8 


4 xl 


x4 


6 


x6 


x6 


8x 6x 7 


41/2x41/2x41/2 
41/2x41/2x4 


6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 


x6 
x6 
x6 
x6 
x6 
x6 
x6 
x5 


x5 

X41/2 

x4 

X31/2 

x3 

X21/2 

x2 

x6 


8x 6x 6 
8x 5x 8 


41/2x41/2x31/2 
41/2x41/2x3 


8x 4x 8 
8x 5x 5 


41/2x41/2x21/2 

41/2x41/2x2 

41/2x41/2x11/2 


9x 9x 9 
9x 9x 5 


5 x5 


x6 


6 


x5 


x5 


10x10x10 


5 x5 


x5 


6 


x4 


x6 


lOxlOx 8 


5 x5 


X41/2 


6 


x3 


x6 


lOxlOx 6 


5 x5 


x4 


6 


x2i4x6 


lOxlOx 5 


5 x5 


X31/2 








lOxlOx 4 


5 x& 


x3 


7 


■x7 


x7 


lOx 8x 8 


5 x5 


X21/2 


7 


x7 


x6 


12x12x12 


5 x5 


x2 


7 


x7 


x5 


12x12x10 


5 x5 


xli/2 


7 


x7 


x4 


12xl2x 8 


5 x5 


xl% 


7 


x7 


X31/2 


12xl2x 6 


5 x4 


x5 


7 


x7 


x3 


12xl2x 4 


5 x4 


X41/2 


7 


x7 


X21/2 


12x 8x10 


5 x4 


x4 


7 


x6 


x7 


12x 8x 8 


5 x4 


x3 


7 


x6 


x6 




5 x4 


x2 


7 


x6 


x5 


14x14x14 


5 x4 


x2 


7 


x5 


x6 


14xl4x 8 


5 x3 


x5 


7 


x5 


x5 


14xl4x 6 



94 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Tees- 


Continxied. 




Size. 




Size. 




Size. 


2 xl 1/2x2 


21^X11/2X1 


31/2x31/2x11/2 


2 XII/2XII/2 


21/2x11^x21/2 


31/2x31/2x114 


2 XI1/2XI14 


21/2x114x2 


31/2x31/2x1 


2 xl 1/2x1 


21/2x1 x2i/2 


31/2x3 x3 


2 XII/2X % 


21/2X 3/^x21/2 


31/^x3 x2i^ 


2 XI1/2X 1/2 






31/2x3 x2 


2 xli4x2 


3 


x3 x4 


31/2x3 XI1/2 


2 XI1/4XI1/2 


3 


x3 X31/2 


31/2x21/2x3 


2 xliAxli4 


3 


x3 x3 


3 1^x2 1/2x21^ 


2 xli^xl 


3 


x3 x2y2 


31/2x21/2x2 


2 xiy4X % 


3 


x3 x2 


31/2x2 x3i^ 


2 xl x2 


3 


x3 XI Va 


31/2x11/2x31/2 


2 xl xli^ 


3 


x3 XI14 


31/2x114x31/2 


2 xl XI14 


3 


x3 xl 


31/2x1 X31/2 


2 xl xl 
2 xl X 3^ 
2 X 3^x2 


3 
3 
3 


x3 X % 

x2i^x3 

X21/2X21/2 


4 
4 


x4 x6 
x4 x5 
x4 x4 
x4 x3i^ 
x4 x3 


2 X 3^x11/2 
2 X 1^x2 


3 
3 


x2i^x2 

X21/2X11^ 


21/2x21/2x4 


3 
3 


X21/2XI1/4 
x2 1/^x1 
x2 x3 
x2 x2i^ 
x2 x2 
x2 xli/2 
x2 XI14 
x2 Xl 
xl 1/2x3 
xiy2x2i^ 
xli^x2 
xliAx3 
xl x3 




x4 x2% 


21/2x21/2x3 


3 




x4 x2 


21/2x21/2x21/2 


3 
3 




x4 xH^ 


21/2x21/2x2 




x4 XI1/4 


21/2x21/2x11/2 


3 




x4 xl 


21/2x21/2x11/4 


3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 




x4 X % 


21/2x21/2x1 




X31/2X4 


2 1/2x2 1/2 X % 




X31/2X31/2 


2y2x2i/2X 1/2 
21^x2 x3 




x3 1/2x3 

x3y2x2i/2 


2%x2 x2i^ 
21/^x2 x2 




x3 x4 
x3 x3i^ 


21/2x2 XI1/2 






x3 x3 


21/2x2 XI14 








x3 x2i^ 


21/2x2 xl 


31/2x31/2x4 




x3 x2 


21^x11/2x21/2 


31/2x31/2x31/2 




x3 xli^ 


21/2x11/2x2 


31/2x31/2x3 




x3 xli^ 


21/2x11/2x11/2 


31/2x31/2x21/2 




x3 xl 


21/2x11/2x11/4 


31^x31/2x2 




x3 x % 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



BxisHings. 



Size. 


Size. 


Size. 


%x Vs Brass 


2y2xiy2 


6x 2 


y4x Vs Brass 


2y2x2 


6x 2y2 


%x lA 




6x 3 


1/2 X 1/4 


3 xl 


6x 3y2 


1/^X s/s 


3 xli^ 


6x 4 




8 xiy2 


6x 4y2 


%x 1^ 


3 x2 


6x 5 


%X 3/8 


3 x2i^ 




%x 1/2 




7x 2 




syaxi 


7x 2y2 


1 X 14 


3y2xiy4 


7x 3 


1 X % 


3y2xiy2 


7x SVz 


1 X 1/2 


3y2x2 


7x 4 


1 X % 


3y2x2y2 


7x 4y2 
7x 5 
7x 6 


iy4x 1/4 

II4X % 


3y2x3 

4 xl 


iy4x V2 


4 XI14 


8x 3 


1V4.X % 


4 xiyg 


8x 4 


1V4.X1 


4 x2 


8x 5 


iy2x 1/2 


4 x2y2 
4 x3 


8x 6 
8x 7 


iy2x % 


4 x3y2 




iy2xi 




9x 6 


iy2xiii. 


.4y2x2y2 


9x 7 




4y2x3 


9x 8 


2 X % 


4y2x3y2 




2 X % 


4y2x4 


lOx 6 


2 xl 




lOx 8 


2 xli^ 


5 x2 




2 xlVa 


5 x2y2 


12x 6 




5 x3 


12x 8 


2y2x % 


5 x3y2 


12x10 


2y2xi 


5 x4 




2y2xiy4 


5 x4y2 





JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Crosses. 



Size. 


Size. 


Size 




i/sx Vax i/aX 1/2 


21/2x21/2x21/2x21/2 


5x 5x 5 


X 5 


Yax y2X 3/8X 3/3 


21/^x21^x2 x2 


5x 5x 4 


x 4 


Vax y2X i^x 1/4 


21/2x21/2x11/2x11/2 


5x 5x 3 


X 3 


3^X 3^x 3^x % 


21/2x21^x114x11/4 


5x 5x 21/4X 21^ 


3ix 3/^x Vax 1/2 


21/^x21/4x1 xl 


5x'5x 2 


X 2 


3/4X 3/^X 3/gX % 


2I/0X2I/2X 3^x % 


6x 6x 6 


X 6 


1 xl xl xl 


21^x2 


xl 1/4x1 14 


6x 6x 5 


X 5 


1 Xl X 3^x % 


3 x3 


x3 x3 


6x 6x 4 


X 4 


1 xl X 1/2 X 1/2 


3 x3 


x21/2X21/2 


6x 6x 31/2X 3^ 




3 x3 


x2 x2 


6x 6x 3 


X 3 


11/4X11/4X11^X11/4 


3 x3 


xl 1/2x1 1/2 


6x 6x 21/4X 214 


1^/4x11^x1 xl 


3 x3 


xl 1/4x1 1/4 


6x 6x 2 


X 2 


ll^Xll/4X 34X % 
II/4XII/4X I/2X 1/2 


3 x3 
3 x3 


xl xl 

X %x % 


7x 7x 7 
7x 7x 6 


X 7 
X 6 


11/2X11/2X11/2X11/2 


3 1/2x3 1/2x3 1/2x3 1/4 


7x 7x 5 


X 5 


11/2X11/2X114x114 


31^x31/4x3 x3 


8x 8x 8 


X 8 


11/2X11^x1 Xl 


31/2x31/2x21/2x21/2 


8x 8x 7 


X 7 


iy2Xll/2X 3/^x % 


31/2x31/2x2 x2 


8x 8x 6 


X 6 


II/2XII/2X I/2X 1/2 






9x 9x 9 


X 9 


11/^x114x1 Xl 


4 x4 


x4 x4 


10x10x10 


xlO 


2 x2 x2 x2 


4 x4 
4 x4 


X31/2X31/2 

x3 x3 


lOxlOx 8 


X 8 


2 x2 xlYzxlVz 






lOxlOx 7 


X 7 


2 x2 xl 14x1 14 


4 x4 
4 x4 


X21/2X21/2 

x2 x2 


12x12x12 


xl2 


2 x2 xl xl 


12x12x10 


xlO 


2 x2 x s^x % 


41/^x41/2x41/4x41/2 


12xl2x 8 


X 8 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



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JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL 



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JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Oiaiineter of Flstng^es stncl 
Templattes for 
Orillinig. 





Diameter 


Diameter 






Size, 


of 


of Bolt 


Number 


Size of 


Inches. 


Flanges, 
Inches. 


Circle, 
Inches. 


of Bolts. 


Bolts. 


2 


6 


i% 


4 


% 


21/2 


7 


51/2 


4 


% 


3 


71/2 


6 


4 


% 


31/2 


81/2 


6% 


4 


% 


4 


9 


m 


8 


% 


41/2 


914 


734 


8 


% 


5 


10 


8IA 


8 


% 


6 


11 


91/4 


8 


% 


7 


121/2 


11 


12 


% 


8 


131/2 


12 


12 


% 


9 


15 


13 


12 


% 


10 


16 


1414 


12 


% 


12 


19 


17 


16 


?4 


]4 


21 


I81/2 


16 


% 


16 


28i/o 


2IV0 


20 


% 


18 


25 


221/0 


20 


Ji 


20 


271/2 


2434 


20 


1 


22 


291/0 


271/0 


24 


1 


24 


311/2 


291/2 


21 


1 


30 


38 


36 


32 


11/8 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Air ak.x\dL "Water Presstxre 
TsiixKs. 



Diame- 
ter, 
Feet. 


Length, 
Feet. 


THICE 

Shell. 


:ness 

Heads. 


Weight 


Capac- 
ity, 
Gallons 


5 


20 


%6 


% 


6250 


2922 


5 


25 


%6 


% 


7390 


3654 


5 


30 


5/l6 


% 


8580 


4384 


(3 


20 


%6 


1/2 


7800 


4240 


6 


28 


%6 


% 


10200 


5936 


6 


36 


%6 


1/2 


12450 


7632 


7 


20 


%6 


% 


8600 


5761 


^ 


28 


^16 


l/„ 


11100 


8066 


7 


36 


%6 


V2 


13600 


10370 


8 


24 


%6 


V2 


11800 


8980 


8 


30 


^3 6 


V2 


14000 


11224 


8 


36 


%G 


V2 


16200 


13468 



102 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Air stnd IVater Pressxire TstnKs. 



Diameter, 


Length, 


Weight 


Capacity, 


Inches. 


Feet 


Gallons 


24 


6 


350 


140 


24 


8 


420 


190 


24 


10 


500 


235 


30 


6 


530 


220 


30 


8 


650 


295 


30 


10 


770 


365 


30 


12 


900 


440 


30 


14 


1000 


515 


36 


6 


750 


315 


36 


8 


900 


420 


36 


10 


1050 


525 


36 


12 


1200 


630 


36 


14 


1400 


735 


36 


16 


1575 


840 


42 


8 


1450 


575 


42 


10 


1650 


720 


42 


12 


1900 


865 


42 


14 


2200 


1000 


42 


16 


2400 


1150 


42 


18 


2650 


1300 


42 


20 


2900 


1440 


48 


10 


2200 


940 


48 


12 


2550 


1130 


48 


14 


2900 


1300 


48 


16 


3250 


1500 


48 


18 


3600 


1700 


48 


20 


3950 


1880 


48 


24 


4650 


2260 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

CirctimfereKice of Circles. 

Comprehensible Meters Used by Boilermakers , 



Diameter 


Circumference 


Diameter 


Circumference 


in Inches. 


in Inches. 


in Inches. 


in Inches. 


12 


37^ 


48 


150% 


14 


44 


50 


157 


16 


501^ 


52 


163M 


18 


56^ 


54 


169% 


20 


02M 


56 


175% 


22 


69 


58 


182% 


24 


75% 


60 


188% 


26 


81% 


62 


194% 


28 


87^ 


64 


201 


30 


94^ 


C6 


207M 


32 


1001^ 


68 


213% 


34 


106M 


70 


219% 


36 


113 


72 


226% 


38 


119% 


74 


232% 


40 


125% 


76 


238% 


42 


ISV/s 


78 


244% 


44 


138% 


80 


251% 


46 


144% 


82 


257% 



Boilermakers usually add three times the thick- 
ness of the plate to the length of iron lor the takeup in 
rolling ; also add for laps, single or double riveting. 

"WeigKis of Iron sii\d Steel Plates. 

Weight Per Square Foot. 



Thickness 
in Inches. 


Iron. 


Steel. 


Thickness 
in Inches 


1 Iron. 


Steel. 


% 


5.052 


5.31 


% 


20.21 


21. 


Ho 


7.578 


8.00 


9/16 


22.73 


23.62 


% 


10.10 


10.62 


Vs 


25.26 


26.25 


%2 


11.37 


11.83 


^VlG 


27.79 


28.87 


%6 


12.62 


13.12 




30.31 


31.50 


% 


15.16 


15.75 


% 


35.37 


36.75 


'/ic 


17.68 


18.37 


1 


40.42 


42. 



Liberal allowance must be made for these weights on 
wide plates. 



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w 

t 
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w 

z 

w 


OHNSON'S 


HANDY MANUAL. 

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223 
254 
286 
318 
350 
381 
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477 
509 
540 








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JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



105 



GAS FITTERS' RULES 

Office Building's 

Dwelling Houses 

and Flats 

MANUFACTURED GAS 
FOR LIGHT 

The following tables show the proportionate 
size and length of tubing allowed. 



Size of 
Tubing. 


Greatest 
Length Allowed. 


Greatest Number 

of Y» in. Openings 

Allowed. 


% inch 


20 feet 


2 openings 


X inch 


30 feet 


3 openings 


% inch 


60 feet 


10 openings 


1 inch 


70 feet 


15 openings 


134 inch 


100 feet 


30 openings 


IK inch 


150 feet 


60 openings 


2 inch 


200 feet 


100 openings 


2}4 inch 


200 feet 


000 openings 


3 inch 


300 feet 


000 openings 



Drops in double parlors, large rooms and halls of 
office buildings must not be less than 3^ inch. 



6 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Stores, Hospita-Is, ScHools, 
Faictories, Ctc. 

MANUFACTURED GAS FOR 
LIGHT 



Size of 
Tubing. 


Greatest 
Length Allowed. 


Greatest Number 

of 14 in. Openings 

Allowed. 


Kinch 
% inch 

1 inch 
IM inch 
13^ inch 

2 inch 


20 feet 
GO feet 
70 feet 
100 feet 
150 feet 
200 feet 


1 opening 
8 openings 
12 openings 
20 openings 
35 openings 
50 openings 



For stores the running line to be full size to the 
end of last opening. 

All drops to be 3^ inch, with set not less than 4 
inches. 

20 feet of %-inch pipe allowed only for bracket 
lights. 

BUILDING SERVICES 

In running service pipe from front wall to meters the 
following rules will apply : 



Size of 
Opening. 



Greatest 
Length Allowed. 



Greatest Number 

of % in. Openings 

Allowed. 



1 inch 
13^ inch 
\% inch 

2 inch 



70 feet 
100 feet 
150 feet 
200 feet 



1 opening 
3 openings 
5 openings 
8 openings 



All openings in service must be equal to the size of 
riser, which in no case must be lees than % inch. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Fox* OskS Engines. 

Size of Size of Greatest Length 

Engine. Opening. Allowed. 

1 H. P 1 inch 60 feet. 

2 H. P 11^ inch 70 feet. 

5 H. P IV2 inch 100 feet. 

7 H. P IVz inch 100 feet. 

12 H. P 2 inch 140 feet. 



R.stclisitioxi of Different Sizes of 
IVroxxgHt Iron Pipe. 

Following table gives the actual lengths of dif- 
ferent size pipe sufficient to make ten square feet 
of radiation. 

1 In. Pipe, 28 Lineal Ft. = 10 Sq. Ft. Radiation. 
11/4 In. Pipe, 24 Lineal Ft. = 10 Sq. Ft. Radiation. 
lYz In. Pipe, 20 Lineal Ft. = 10 Sq. Ft. Radiation. 

2 In. Pipe, 16 Lineal Ft. = 10 Sq. Ft. Radiation. 
21^ In. Pipe, 13 Lineal Ft. = 10 Sq. Ft. Radiation. 

3 In. Pipe, 11 Lineal Ft. = 10 Sq. Ft. Radiation. 



108 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

GreeiiHotxse Heating. 

A glass structure for horticultural pur- 
poses (owing to the manner of its construc- 
tion and the materials employed) offers less 
resistance to the penetration of frost and 
cold winds than any other form of building, 
and necessarily requires a proportional 
greater amount of heat and its more even 
distribution. To warm such a structure 
properly, without impairing the quality of 
the air, the heat must be produced by direct 
radiation from an extended surface heated 
to a moderate degree. The heating appara- • 
tus must be so arranged as to diffuse an 
even heat throughout every part of the 
house, and must be of sufficient heating- 
power to increase the heat quickly in case 
of sudden changes in the weather, and to 
maintain the desired temperature during the 
nights, when the fires are unattended. Of 
the various systems that have been advanced 
to meet these requirements, there are but 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 109^ 

three that have met with approval in gen- 
eral use; these I name in their order of ex- 
cellence. First in the order of efficiency and 
economy is the system of heating by the cir- 
culation of hot water through iron pipes 
ranged round the house ; these pipes are con- 
nected to a boiler or water heater, which 
heats the water and maintains the circulation 
through the pipes; the radiation from the 
pipes supplies the warmth to the house. 
This is the best method known for the pur- 
pose; the facility with which water absorbs 
the heat produced at the boiler, and by cir- 
culation, rapidly conveys it to the most dis- 
tant points in the line of heating pipes, ren- 
ders it a most efficient agent, and affords 
the means of maintaining a uniform, even 
temperature of any required degree through- 
out all parts of the house; with a mild and 
humid atmosphere, which is congenial to the 
healthy growth and perfection of plants, 
flowers and fruits, while the substantial, en- 



no JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

during and reliable qualities of the appara- 
tus, the easy management and perfect con- 
trol of heat in the house, or in several houses 
heated by the same fire the number of hours 
it may be left without attention, and the en- 
tire freedom from deleterious gases, dust and 
smoke, are among the advantages fairly 
claimed for the system. 

It is so universal in its application, and 
offers so many advantages over every other 
system, that it is generally adopted, both 
here and in Europe, for heating plant houses 
of every size and description, from the small 
home conservatory to the largest botanical 
structures, and will be found in use, to the 
exclusion of all other methods, in the estab- 
lishments of the most prominent and success- 
ful horticulturists throughout the country. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



How to Figure Heating Surfstce o^ 
a Oi-eezx House. 

In figuring a Green House we liave to deal 
entirely witli exposed surface, cubic contents, 
rarely, if ever, being taken into account; there- 
fore, the entire amount of glass exposed and its 
equivalent should be determined, and in doing 
this the ends and side walls should be figured 
just as surely as the overhead and end glass. 
The sides and end walls, if of wood, sheathed 
and papered good and tight, should be figured 
in the following proportions, viz: Five square 
feet of wall to one square foot of glass. 

After obtaining the number of square feet of 
glass and equivalent, the next point is the 
proper amount of heating surface necessary, 
and this is dependent upon the temperature re- 
quired in the green house. The following pro- 
portions of glass to heating surface will be 
found fully accurate. 

St.H.W. 
To a temperature of 40© divide No. sq. ft. of glass by 9 6 



50 o 
550 
60O 



7 4 
61/2 3U 



51/2 3Vi 
5 3 



The above is based on an outside tempera- 
ture of zero. 



U2 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Hot VITater Sy-stems for GreenHotise 
Heating Under Pressure. 

One of the special advantages in the pres- 
sure system is that a much greater range of 
temperature of water in the system can be 
had, and on this account, in cases of emer- 
gency, when a sudden fall in temperature 
must be guarded against, there will be no 
trouble to get the necessary heat. Another 
advantage possessed by the hot water system 
under pressure is, that any sized pipe can be 
used for mains and heating coils. For this 
system of heating wrought iron pipes are 
used with screw thread joints, and these are 
much less liable to leakage than cast iron 
calked joints. Then again, space is worth 
money in greenhouses, and heating coils of 
one-half the usual size that will do the same 
amount of heating, or more, are surely a 
great advantage. 

With the open tank hot water system, it is 
not practical to carry the water higher than 



JOHNSONS HANDY MANUAL 113 

to a temperature of 200°, that is without 
pressure ; but with the outlet from the expan- 
sion tank provided with a safety valve, the 
system may be run under any desired pres- 
sure, and in this way any desired tempera- 
ture, even above 200°, can be had as readily 
as a temperature below 200°. To carry a hot 
water pressure of about fifty pounds per 
square inch in the heating apparatus we 
would have a temperature of the water in 
the system of 300°. It will, therefore, be 
seen that this is about double the tempera- 
ture carried by the old style, cast iron, open 
tank system, which runs about 150° on the 
average. However, it must be remembered 
that any style of boiler will not answer for a 
closed tank system, and consequently, in se- 
lecting a boiler for such work, this point 
should not be lost sight of. 

For high pressure hot water heating, it 
will be necessary to have high pressure boil- 
ers, such as are tested to stand a hydraulic 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



pressure of at least 200 pounds to the square 
inch, in order to be absolutely safe under any 
ordinary conditions. There are many types 
of hot water boilers in the market suitable 
for this class of work, which are not only 
built to resist any pressure that they may be 
called upon to withstand, but which are con- 
structed to heat water rapidly and econom- 




Fig. 25, 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. US' 

ically. One type of high pressure hot water 
boiler used largely in this country is the 
wrought iron tubular style, an end view of 
which is shown in illustration Fig. 25, and 
the special point of difference between this 
and the ordinary wrought iron, tubular 
steam boiler lies in the additional number of 
tubes in the former. This is done for the 
purpose of getting as much heating surface 
in the boiler as possible, and at the same time 
leaving ample space between, the tubes for 
the proper and easy circulation of the water. 
Another special point to which I desire to 
call attention in this type of boiler is the tube 
connections. As will be noticed by referring 
to Fig. 26, the return connection is near the 
rear end at the bottom, while the flow or 
outlet connection from the boiler is on the 
top, near the front end of the boiler, but not 
so much so in steam boilers. With the pipe 
connections arranged as shown in Fig. 26, 
the water must move through the greatest 



116 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 




JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL, 117 

distance of the boiler, rising from bottom to 
top and passing from one end to the other, 
also entering at the coldest point and leaving 
the boiler from the hottest, directly over the 
fire in front. This disposition of the con- 
nections produces the most rapid circulation 
of water through the system, which always 
means economy in fuel. To produce the best 
circulation we must have the greatest pos- 
sible difference in temperature between the 
return water entering the bottom of the 
boiler and the flow water leaving it at the 
top. These are some of the important things 
to know for those interested in hot water 
heating. It makes a vast difference how 
each part of a boiler is constructed. 

Hot IVatei- Heating MTitKotit 
Boiler Pit. 

It is a general supposition among florists, 

and also many practical hot water fitters, 

that to have a successful hot water heating 

plant for greenhouse work the boiler must be 



118 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

located in a pit or cellar several feet below 
the heating coils. Such, however, is not the 
case, but at the same time a more rapid cir- 
culation of water through the heating system 
will be found in plants where the boilers are 
located below the level of the greenhouse 
floor. There are many locations in which it 
is not practicable to build a boiler pit on 
account of low, wet ground. It is also a con- 
siderable item of expense to build a good 
boiler pit even on dry ground, especially if 
the site is a rocky one. Therefore under such 
circumstances the hot water boiler may be 
located as shown in illustration, Fig. 27, on 
a level with the greenhouse fl.oor. 

A partition, it will be noticed, divides the 
boiler shed and the greenhouse proper, so 
that coal-gas, dust and smoke which may es- 
cape from the fire will be excluded from the 
latter. As gravitation alone is the motive 
power for the circulation of water through 
hot water plants of this kind, the one essen- 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 119 

tial thing necessary will be to carry the pipes 
in such a manner that there will be a differ- 
ence in temperature between the rising and 
falling columns of water. The best plan to 
obtain the greatest difference in temperature 
between these columns of water and secure 
the greatest motive power for circulation, is 
to carry all the hot water from the top of the 
boiler to as high a point as the building will 
permit of the delivery of this water into an 
expansion tank, as shown at T in the illus- 
tration. 

This flow pipe from the top of the boiler 
to the expansion tank should be covered with 
a good non-conducting pipe covering in order 
that no heat may escape until it enters the 
expansion tank. The water is then carried 
from the tank at a point lower than the inlet 
as shown, connecting with the upper part of 
the bench coil and returning to the bottom 
of the boiler as indicated by the direction of 
the arrows. The vertical line of supply pipe 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 




JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 121 

from the bottom of the expansion tank should 
not be covered, but allowed to act as heating 
surface, and in some places this pipe may be 
situated partly in the greenhouse, passing 
through the boiler room partition at a point 
just below the greenhouse roof. When ex- 
pansion tanks are located at a high elevation, 
as shown in the illustration, it will be found 
convenient to have them provided with glass 
water gauges, so that the height of water in 
the tank can be seen at a glance. Again, to 
fill heating plants of this kind a hose may 
be attached to the draw-off cock at the bot- 
tom of the boiler, when the water system is 
in or connected with the building. In work 
of this kind where four inch cast iron pipes 
are used in hub joints, cast iron expansion 
tanks will be necessary ; and as they are quite 
heavy, it will be necessary to provide a sub- 
stantial support for the tank. 

It is also an important matter to have solid 
foundations for the boiler and all the pillars 



122 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

on which the pipes rest, because they are 
comparatively heavy without water, and 
when filled with water, as they are in opera- 
tion, the combined weight will be consider- 
able. Two good reasons for having solid 
supports for hot water greenhouse heating 
plants are : First, because cast iron pipe of 
the size used on such work has very little 
flexibility to it, and will therefore break 
before it bends when improperly supported; 
and secondly, as it is also important to have 
hot water coils properly lined and pitched, 
for the purposQ of getting a good and posi- 
tive circulation of the water; a sag in the 
pipes will retard the flow of water and often 
stop circulation entirely. 

Connecting T-wo or More Hot 
Water Boilers Together.. 

It not infrequently happens that we find 
it desirable to place in one building two or 
more boilers coupled together for warming 
purposes, and, in fact, for large buildings, 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 123 

this plan is, without doubt, the best arrange- 
ment of the heating apparatus. For the 
reason that, in mild weather, the full capac- 
ity of the apparatus is not required, and al- 
though it is possible to carry a slow fire at 
such times in a large boiler it is much less 
trouble to handle a smaller size boiler and 
fire at a higher degree of heat. Other advan- 
tages in having more than one boiler are that 
in case some part of the boiler giving out in 
cold weather, and which might require some 
time to repair, in the case of having two one 
could be run alone until such time as the 
damage may be repaired without having to 
suffer to any great extent from cold. And, 
again, even without any damage to the 
boiler, it should be thoroughly cleaned from 
time to time during the winter season. This 
cannot be properly done unless the boiler is 
allowed to cool, and with a single boiler in 
a building with no other means of heat, it 
is not likely that the fire will be allowed to 



124 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

go out, unless by neglect, and consequently, 
the result is not only a great waste of fuel, 
but unsatisfactory work from the boiler, and 
much more wear to all parts of it. As I have 
many times said, the more clean we keep a 
machine of any kind, the longer it will last. 
This holds good, especially in a house heating 
boiler. With two or more boilers coupled in 
the same plant, it will be quite possible to 
keep them clean, and at the same time keep 
the building warm. In connecting two hot 
water boilers together, there are some special 
points which the fitter or engineer must care- 
fully consider, and while he must not lose 
sight of constructing a job that will operate 
to perfection, he has also a proper right to 
carefully consider how he can do the work 
with the least time and material. There are 
also disadvantages with two boilers, and one 
is, that it makes it necessary to use valves on 
the main floor and return pipes. And as such 
pipes at the boilers are as a rule of large 



jpHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 12S 




126 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

size, the natural consequence will be consid- 
erable expense for those valves. There must 
also be proper provision made to entirely dis- 
connect one boiler from the other, and that 
means large sized flange unions or other spe- 
cial fittings, as shown in illustration. But 
there is still another point to be considered 
with the two boiler system, to which I desire 
to call attention, and that is the danger of 
starting up one of the boilers, that is, start- 
ing the fire and neglecting beforehand to 
open the valves. It is not necessary to state 
what the results would be in such a case. 
This has often happened to the knowledge of 
the writer, and in every case the result was 
a total wreck of the boiler. 

To guard against such a possibility should 
be the aim of the fitter and one good way is 
to use stop and waste valves on such work, 
on the same order as that used in plumbing 
work, so that when the valve is closed on the 
outside from the boiler, the closing operation 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 127 

will open a vent-hole to the atmosphere on 
the boiler side of the same valve. 

This will allow any pressure formed in the 
boiler to escape, with the valves to flow and 
return pipes closed, and therefore relieve the 
boiler from over strain. By referring- to il- 
lustration Fig. 28, it will be noticed that the 
flange unions are placed close to each boiler 
on the returns ; this is so that the boiler on 
either side can be removed without in any 
way affecting the other, and it will be noticed 
the top or flow connections are made in the 
same manner. In large buildings heated by 
the hot water system, nothing but special 
large sweep hot water fittings should be 
allowed ; such fittings are shown in the illus- 
tration, and are made by a number of manu- 
facturers throughout the United States. 

With respect to the various systems of 
warming buildings by hot water pipes and 
stoves, and as economy is the order of the 
day, I may only mention the present practice 



128 JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

of our horticultural gardeners who have en- 
tirely abandoned the furnace and hot-air 
flues for the hot water apparatus. 

The furnace and hot-air flues were com- 
paratively cheap, so far as first cost was con- 
cerned, but not only was the cost of working 
in the consumption of fuel double, but they 
were a complete failure ; for most people 
know that hot-air will get cold before reach- 
ing the further end of a greenhouse; there- 
fore, at the furnace end of a greenhouse it 
would be too hot, and at the further end it 
would be too cold ; whereas in the hot water 
warming, every part of a large building can 
be made of the same temperature, as water 
will circulate in pipes a quarter of a mile 
with one boiler, and a much less cost in fuel. 

Although the principle of hot water cir- 
culation in pipes was known to a few of the 
ancient philosophers, yet we may say that the 
practical mode of working and fixing hot 
water apparatus for warming buildings is a 
modern invention of about 70 years standing. 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 129 

Mskteri&ls for BricK'worK of Regular 
Tubular Boilers. 









Single Setting 








Boilers. 


Common 
Brick. 


Fire Sand, 
Brick, bushels 


Cement, 
Barrels. 


Fire 
Clay, 
Lbs. 


Lime, 


In. 


Ft. 


Bbis. 



5200 


320 


42 


5 


192 


5800 


320 


46 


51/2 


192 


6200 


480 


50 


6 


288 


6600 


480 


53 


61/^ 


288 


7000 


480 


56 


7 


288 


7800 


480 


62 


8 


288 


10000 


720 


80 


10 


432 


10800 


720 


86 


11 


432 


11600 


720 


92 


1134 


432 


12400 


720 


99 


121/^ 


432 


12500 


980 


100 


12% 


590 


13200 


980 


108 


131/2 


590 


14200 


980 


116 


141/2 


590 


15200 


980 


124 


15% 


590 


13800 


1150 


108 


13% 


690 


14900 


1150 


117 


15 


690 


16000 


1150 


126 


16 


690 


13500 


1280 


108 


131/p 


768 


14800 


1280 


118 


1434 


768 


16100 


1280 


128 


16 


768 


17400 


1280 


140 


17% 


768 


18700 


1280 


148 


18 34 


768 


19700 


1400 


157 


1934 


840 


20800 


1550 


166 


2034 


930 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 



Materials for BricK^ivorK of Regular 
Tubular Boilers. 





Two 


Boilres 


in a Battery. 






Boilers. 










Fire 
Clay, 
Lbs. 






Common 
Brick. 


Fire 
Brick. 


Sand, 
bushels 


Cement, 
Barrels. 


Lime, 


In. Ft. 


Bbls. 


BOx 8 


8900 


640 


70 


9 


384 


31/2 


80x10 


9600 


640 


76 


91/2 


884 


4 


86 X 8 


10500 


960 


84 


101/2 


576 


414 


86 X 9 


11100 


960 


88 


11 


576 


41/^ 


36x10 


11800 


960 


95 


12 


576 


43i 


86x12 


13000 


960 


104 


18 


576 


51/4 


42x10 


17500 


1440 


140 


nvs 


864 


7 


42x12 


18600 


1440 


148 


381/2 


864 


71/2 


42x14 


19900 


1440 


159 


20 


864 


8 


42x16 


21200 


1440 


168 


21 


864 


81/2 


48x10 


21400 


1960 


170 


211/2 


1180 


8% 


48x12 


22800 


1960 


178 


221/3 


1180 


9 


48x14 


23900 


1960 


190 


24 


1180 


91/2 


48 X 16 


25100 


1960 


200 


25 


1180 


10 


54x12 


23800 


2300 


186 


231/3 


1880 


91/3 


54x14 


24800 


2800 


198 


25 


1880 


10 


54x16 


26800 


2300 


210 


261/3 


1380 


101/2 


60x10 


22600 


2560 


180 


221/2 


1536 


9 


60x12 


24800 


2560 


198 


25 


1586 


10 


60x14 


26800 


2560 


214 


27 


1586 


10% 


60x16 


28900 


2560 


280 


29 


1536 


IIV2 


60x18 


31000 


2560 


248 


81 


1586 


121/2 


66x16 


88100 


2800 


264 


83 


1680 


1314 


72x16 


84000 


3100 


272 


84 


1860 


rs% 



INDEX. 



Page 
Constructions Horizontal Flow Mains, Hot Water 

Plants 7 ' 

Size of Chimneys with Approximate H. P. Boiler... 11 

Length of Pipe required in 45 degree angles 12 

Tables of 46 degree Measurements..... 16 

Measurements of Bends 22 

Expansion of Iron Pipe 23 

Radiation, Low Pressure Steam Below Water Line.. 24 

Unit of Heat 29 

Combustion of Fuel . 29 

Chimney Flues 32 

Brick Required in Bricking Tubular Boilers 33 

Feet of Radiation one Pipe Steam Main will carry... 34 

Heating Surface Horizontal Tubular Boilers 36 

Measuremnts Pipe and Fittings „ „ 37 

Outside diameter. Steam, Gas and Water Pipe 38 

Size Fresh Air Inlets to Indirect Stacks 39 

Direct Radiation that can be Heated by Exhaust 

Steam 40 

Size of Main Steam Pipes 41 

Radiating Surface Pipe will supply...., 41 

Number Threads to inch of Screv/ on Pipes 42 

Figuring Steam and Hot Water Heating .-....,. 43 

Reaming Pipe 49 

Rapid Circulation of Hot Water 51 

Water Capacity of a Boiler 57 

Pressure of Water. Different Elevations. 58 

Improper Turning of Steam Radiator Valves 59 

Radiation Expansion Tank will carry 60 

Tank Capacity 62 

Vertical and Horizontal Tanks 63 

Steam and Hot Water, One and Two Pipe Woi'k 65 



INDEX- Continued. 

Page 

Lead Burning , 66 

Sanitary Plumbing 70 

Weights and Measures 79 

Useful Information ,.80 and 89 

Business Laws , 83 

Interest Tables 86 

Air used in Blower System for Ventilation 87 

Rating Tubalar Boilers 87 

Weight and Measurement, Square Foot of Radiation. 87 

Mains and Branches for Hot Water 87 

Thermometers, Comparative Scales 88 

Horse Power of Engines 90 

Relative Value Heating Surface 90 

Elbows and Tees 91 

Bushings 96 

Crosses 96 

Horizontal Fire Box Boiler for Steam Heating 97 

Horizontal Fire Box Boiler for Hot Water Heating. 98 

Capacity of Pipes 9& 

Diameter Flanges and Templates for grilling 100 

Air and Water Pressure Tanks 101 

Circumference of Circles 103 

Weights of Iron and Steel Plates 103 

Number of IT. S. Gallons in Rectangular Tanlis 104 

Gas Fitters' Rules 105 

Green House Heating 108 

Material for Brickwork of Regular Tubular Boilers.. 129 



JOHNSON'S HANDY MANUAL. 

Identification. 



Name 

Address 

In Case of Serious Illness or Accident, Tele- 
graph 

Ho-w KsLsy to Forget 

Size of Hat Gloves 

Size of Collar Cuffs 

Size of Shirt Shoes 

Size of Hosiery Underwear 

Size of Jumper Overalls 

Jilake of My Watch 

No. on Case of Watch 

N"o. of Works of Watch 

Watch was last Cleaned 

My Weight was 

And My Height feet inches. 

On 

No. of My Banlv Book is 

No. of My Telephone 

Meeting Nights 

At 



JM 25 1905' 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS # 



021 218 404 4 



